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Engineering Summary
Study notes for full course engineering studies
Subject
Engineering Studies
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ENGINEERING SUMMARY
Civil Structures
Historical and societal influences
● Historical developments of civil structures
History of civil structures metals:
- >5000 BCE Timber & Stone
- <5000 BCE Bronze (copper and tin alloy)
- <2000 BCE Iron
- >1760 Steel (industrial revolution saw large increase in production of metals)
- >1900s Aluminium (World War 1 saw boom in aluminium use)
History civil structures ceramics:
- >5000 BCE Stone
- <2000 BCE Cement (Got lost then rediscovered in 1824)
- >1700s Glass (sodium oxide with sand and heated with a fire)
- >1900s Silicon
History civil structures polymers:
- Timber (cellulose held together with lignin)
- Celluloid (first synthetic plastic material. Made from timber)
- Multiple (large boom of polymers, plastics, rubbers, kevlar, carbon fibre etc.)
History of construction of bridges
- THEN: Hand drafted designs
- NOW: CAD Modelling and Computers
- THEN: Human labour mainly, low machine use
- NOW: Lower use of labour, more complex and quicker to use machines
- THEN: Low safety, many lives lost, bad work conditions
- NOW: Higher safety protocols, less lives lost, better work conditions
● Engineering innovation in civil structures and their effect on people’s lives
Innovations in: Designs, Materials, Mathematical modelling, Finite element modelling
E (elevators, suspension bridges composite steels)
All different types of civil structures help to create better quality of life for humans and increase
productivity. Structures such as bridges, dams, water and sewage systems or aqueducts, roads. A
civil engineer will manage and hold the quality of these structures to a high standard to ensure
the longevity of the structure.
● Construction and processing materials used in civil structures over time
Compare the processing of materials
How has masonry changed over time (concrete, sandstone)
New processes to extract into usable materials.
● Environmental implications from the use of materials in civil structures
- Cement
Contributes to 80% of the global greenhouse gases related to making building materials. Carbon
dioxide is produced by the burning of clay. (inevitable)
- Steel
Contributes to 5% of the global greenhouse gases related to making building materials. In the
production of steel, the burning of calcium carbonate, silica, carbon and iron oxide in a blast
furnace produces carbon dioxide.
- Aluminium
Contributes to 2% of the global greenhouse gases related to building materials.
- Pin jointed trusses only
- Method of joints
- Method of section
● Bending stress induced by point loads only
Shear force and bending moment diagrams
Concept of neutral axis and outer fibre stress
Bending stress calculation (second moment of area given)
● Uniformly distributed loads
- Shear, compressive and tensile stress
Utilise formulas
- Engineering and true stress
Proof stress is parallel with the line
Engineering materials
● Testing of materials
- specialised testing of engineering materials and systems
Notch impact test
- X-ray
● Testing of concrete
● Crack theory
- Crack formation and growth
- Failure due to cracking
- Repair and/or elimination of failure due to cracking
Personal and Public Transport
Metals
Quenching
- results in a hard, brittle martensitic structure.
Normalising
- produces a fine-grained, balanced microstructure typically consisting of pearlite.
Annealing
- leads to a coarse-grained, soft, and ductile microstructure consisting of ferrite and pearlite
Aeronautical Engineering
- thermosetting polymers
- structure/property relationships and their
application
- manufacturing processes
- compression moulding
Thermosetting polymer is soft when put in a compression mould. With heat and compression the
thermosetting polymer is shaped and can not be changed.
- hand lay-up
- vacuum lay-up
Pre-impregnated carbon fibre is
- modifying materials for aircraft
applications
Telecommunications Engineering
Scope of the profession
- nature and scope of telecommunications engineering
- health and safety issues
- training for the profession
- career prospects
- relations with the community
- technologies unique to the profession
- legal and ethical implications
- engineers as managers
- current applications and innovations
Historical and societal influences
● Historical development within the telecommunications industry
Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell is credited with patenting the first practical telephone (1876), however
the first public telephone was used in 1890.
Horses and later trains were the form of transportation of letters until the telephone; it could take
up to 8 months to receive a letter long distances. Australia’s first phone line was between two
separate offices of a Melbourne engineering firm in 1879.
-
Thomas Edison’s input on the telephone was that he improved the carbon transmitter which
allowed for sounds to be transmitted at higher volumes and clarity than standard telephones.
Mechanical telephones like speaking tubes and string telephones were used before the invention
of electric telephones. Mechanical telephone operated by transmitting sound by mechanical
vibrations rather than electric current.
Radio
Marconi created the radio in 1887
The first radio "broadcast" in Australia was in 1919 when someone played the national anthem
from two buildings
AM was the first invented type of radio signal. The FM band was created in 1930 and allows for
higher clarity but has shorter distances. The AM band allows for longer distances.
● The effect of telecommunications engineering innovation on people’s lives
Telephone
- Ability to communicate faster, saving time to connect to friends/family.
- It has also expanded the area business could reach, allowing them to reach offices,
customers and personnel to build a stronger network.
- Saves lives, due to the ability to dial 000 for emergencies.
● Materials and techniques used over time and development of cathode ray television
including B/W and colour
Engineering materials
● Specialised testing
- Voltage, current, insulation
- Signal strength and testing
● Copper and its alloys used in telecommunications including copper beryllium, copper
zinc, electrolytic tough pitched copper
- structure/property relationships and their application
● Semiconductors such as transistors, zener diodes, light emitting diodes and laser diodes
- Uses in telecommunications
● Polymers
- Insulation materials
● Fibre optics
- Types and applications
- Materials
Engineering electricity and electronics
● Telecommunications including
Analogue and digital systems
Modulation, demodulation
Radio transmission (AM, FM, digital)
Digital television transmission and display media such as plasma, LED, LCD, 3D
Telephony: fixed and mobile
Transmission media
- Cable
- Wireless
- Infrared
- Microwave
- Fibre-optic
● Satellite communication systems, geostationary, low orbit satellite and GPS
Description Altitude
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) High maintenance but
provides low latency due to
close proximity to earth
500-2000 km
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Useful for land surveillance
and GPS. Low latency
connections in remote areas
such as cruise ships or the
military. Covers a larger arc
than LEO.
2000-36000 km
Geostationary Earth Orbit
(GEO)
Is either geostationary
(parked over earth’s equator)
or geosynchronous (follows
the orbit of the earth.)
Can cover the whole earth in
only 3 satellites, useful for
data over satellite
communication. Competitive
market and expensive.
35,786 km
Graveyard orbit Used as an area for space
junk, where satellites at the
end of their life span get
positioned so they do not
interfere with active satellites.
Few hundred kilometres
above geostationary orbit.
Components of satellite consist of:
-
Drawing
- Countersink holes are cone shaped
- Counterbore holes are cylindrical
- Spotface holes are very shallow
studocu/en-au/document/high-school-australia/engineering-studies-unit-4/engin
eering-entire-hsc-course/20299505 CHEAT SHEET
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Engineering Summary
Subject: Engineering Studies
263 Documents
Students shared 263 documents in this course
Was this document helpful?
ENGINEERING SUMMARY
Civil Structures
Historical and societal influences
●Historical developments of civil structures
History of civil structures metals:
- >5000 BCE Timber & Stone
- <5000 BCE Bronze (copper and tin alloy)
- <2000 BCE Iron
- >1760 Steel (industrial revolution saw large increase in production of metals)
- >1900s Aluminium (World War 1 saw boom in aluminium use)
History civil structures ceramics:
- >5000 BCE Stone
- <2000 BCE Cement (Got lost then rediscovered in 1824)
- >1700s Glass (sodium oxide with sand and heated with a fire)
- >1900s Silicon
History civil structures polymers:
- Timber (cellulose held together with lignin)
- Celluloid (first synthetic plastic material. Made from timber)
- Multiple (large boom of polymers, plastics, rubbers, kevlar, carbon fibre etc.)
History of construction of bridges
- THEN: Hand drafted designs
- NOW: CAD Modelling and Computers
- THEN: Human labour mainly, low machine use
- NOW: Lower use of labour, more complex and quicker to use machines
- THEN: Low safety, many lives lost, bad work conditions
- NOW: Higher safety protocols, less lives lost, better work conditions
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