- Information
- AI Chat
PYB202 Flash Cards
Flash Cards
Course
Social and Organisational Psychology (PYB202)
156 Documents
Students shared 156 documents in this course
University
Queensland University of Technology
Academic year: 2022/2023
Uploaded by:
Anonymous Student
This document has been uploaded by a student, just like you, who decided to remain anonymous.
Queensland University of TechnologyRecommended for you
Preview text
Evaluation of the self Why do we need self‐esteem? Sociometer Theory (Leary & Baumeister, 2000)
- Driven by a need for connection and approval
- Self‐esteem signals level of social inclusion Terror Management Theory (Greenberg et al., 1997)
- Driven by self‐preservation but conscious and scared of death
- To cope, we construct and adhere to a cultural worldview that provides meaning and purpose
Independent view of the self
- Define oneself using own thoughts, feelings and behaviours
- Value independence
- Typical in Western cultures Interdependent view of the self
- Define oneself using one’s relationships to others and that our behaviour is determined by thoughts, feelings and behaviours of others
- Value connectedness and interdependence
- Typical in non‐Western cultures
Self-awareness theory (Carver, 2003)
- self‐focused attention leads us to compare ourselves to internal standards and values
- not meeting internal standards leads to discomfort
- how can we avoid the discomfort?
What is self-awareness?
What is self-esteem and why do we
need it?
How does culture fit into self-
perception?
- when uncertain about our abilities or opinions, we evaluate self through comparisons with similar others Upward comparison
- Compare self to someone who is better on some dimension Downward comparison
- Compare self to someone who is worse on some dimension
What is social comparison theory?
- When rewards are introduced for
intrinsically motivated behaviours,
the behaviour becomes over‐justified
- We see the rewards and this can
explain our behaviour
- We no longer conclude we’re doing it
because we like it
What is the over-justification effect?
1. Self‐perception theory
2. Social comparison theory
3. Culture
Intrinsic: Internal motivation
- doing something out of interest, enjoyment, challenge
Extrinsic: External motivation
- doing something for money, marks, recognition,
obligation, punishment
What is intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation?
What does my behaviour say about me?
When internal cues are weak, we look at our
behaviour and consider the situation
- If the situation can’t explain our behaviour, we
infer a corresponding internal state
What is self-perception theory (Bem,
1972)?
What are the three parts of self-
concept?
Relationship between attitudes and
behaviors?
Indirect measures of
attitude?
Direct measures of
attitudes?
What is an attitude?
And how is it
What is a self-
fufilling prophecy?
Culture and attributions (Choi, Nisbett, & Norenzayan, 1999) when situational constraints were made salient (experienced it themselves)
- Participants from Eastern cultures were less likely to display the fundamental attribution error than those from Western cultures when situational constraints were not salient
- Both groups showed the fundamental attribution error
Peoples beliefs stay the same even after
being given information to prove them wrong.
Hypothesis testing- people will search for
information to prove their hypothesis.
What is belief perseverance? And
confirmation hypothesis testing
What is impression formation and
what are the two fundamental social
dimensions to it? What is the primacy
effect and valency effect?
What cultural influences are there on
attribution?
Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975)
intention = estimate of the probability one will perform a certain behaviour
attitude = how favourable or unfavourable a person feels toward the behaviour
subjective norm = perceived social pressure to perform/not perform a behaviour Theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991; see Figure) − Perceived behavioural control (PBC) = perceived ease and control over performing or not performing the behaviour − much support for the model − focus on matching measure specificity
participants unaware that attitude being assessed (e., lost-letter
technique)
- non-verbal/physiological/brain activity measures (e., pupil dilation) but
some
may only assess intensity not valence (so not positive or negative direction)
- duping the participant (e., bogus pipeline lie detector, advising of cross-
referencing via public databases)
- cognitive research methods
open-ended questions
- advantages: simple, lots data
- disadvantages: time-consuming, differences in expressiveness
b. closed questions (e., Thurstone, Likert, Guttman, semantic differential)
- advantages (Likert, semantic-differential): easy, quick
- disadvantages: response sets (e., “Pollyanna” optimism) and choice of
wording
positive, negative, or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea.
Inherited
- genetically determined? twins raised apart have as similar attitudes as
those raised together..
Learned
- The more familiar we are with attitude objects, the more we like them?
- role of reinforcement and modelling...
- Newcomb’s (1943) study of female students whereby attitudes became
less conservative over time in a more liberal environment
Impression formation is focused on how people come to make impressions
about you and what factors they use to do so.
Recent research proposes two fundamental
social dimensions (Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007)
- Warmth: good or ill intent
- Competence: ability to act on intentions
Primacy=earlier info has a bigger impact on impressions (Asch, 1946)
Valency= negative traits are more distinctive and impact impressions
obedience = behaviour change produced by the commands of
authority
- Milgram’s (1963, 1974) obedience studies
method:
- Males recruited from advertisements
- became ‘teacher’.. shocks to a ‘learner’
(confederate)
- instructed to continue shocks even if learner in pain
biological:
- helping as an evolutionary trait (protecting one’s kin.. and genes) learning:
- instructions: instructing children to be helpful (BUT ALSO providing a role model) and reinforcement
- modelling: Bandura’s (e., 1973) social learning theory: can learn to be selfless as well as selfish attribution= as a ‘helpful person’ increases helping behaviours
- just world hypothesis : can reduce helping behaviours norms= reciprocity norm (do unto others) empathy = understanding or vicariously experiencing another individual’s perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual
propaganda and education: messages to create norms denouncing prejudice Allport’s (1954) contact hypothesis: contact leads to intergroup harmony.. but need:
- prolonged, co-operative activity
- officially sanctioned
- equal social status
- similarities emphasised (as long as real)
- outgroup members seen as typical superordinate goals (Sherif’s summer camp)( working towards shared goals brings people together) communication and conciliation= conciliation: co-operative gestures
Henri Tajfel’s greatest contribution to psychology was social identity theory.
Social identity is a person’s sense of who they are based on their group
membership(s).
Tajfel (1979) proposed that the groups (e. social class, family, football team
etc.) which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-
esteem. Groups give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to
the social world.
We divided the world into “them” and “us” based through a process of social
categorization
conformity = changing our perceptions, opinions, or behaviour to be consistent with group norms
- Sherif’s (1936) unambiguous stimuli question of interest would people converge on a group norm? results: norm convergence (people converged on the mean of the group’s estimate) – see graph below and norm persistence (norm became internalised later when estimating alone) Asch's study = had confederates say obviously wrong answers to see if the 1 participant would conform conclusions: why did people conform to an obviously wrong response?
- own perceptions inaccurate, fear of censure/social disapproval
Smoke filled the room, would participants with people in the room with them
do anything or would they sit there. The people who were alone were more
likely to do something. Presence of others thus inhibits emergency response
Latane & Darley
Experiment?
Explenations for
helping others?
Reducing prejudice
and discrimination?
What is social
identity theory?
innate reaction: human’s inherent fear of the unfamiliar
- mere exposure (attitude improves as more familiar with object)
- learned reactions: role of parental attitudes
- frustration aggression – leads to scapegoating as outlet
- authoritarian personality: harsh parental treatment so respect for authority and displaced anger leads to prejudice... or dogmatism: rigid cognitive style
- relative deprivation = discontent from the belief one fares poorly compared to others
- realistic conflict theory = hostility between groups caused by direct competition for limited resources
Explenations of prejudice and
discrimination?
tokenism (publicly making small concessions)
- reverse discrimination (publicly being prejudiced in favour of a minority group)
- social stigma, self-fulfilling prophesies
Effects of prejudice
and discrimination
Conformity effects on social influence
and studies?
Obedience effects
on social influence?
Stereotypes about
Composites are rated as more attractive when they
- are made out of attractive vs. average faces
(Perrett, May, & Yoshikawa, 1994)
- contain a picture of us! (Little & Perrett, 2002)
Why do people prefer composite
faces?
How does reciprocal liking create
initial attraction?
Friends and partners try to date people who have similar jobs, age groups
and all sorts of demographics. This follows the 2 stage model of attraction
from Byrne where stage 1 is the negative screen of dissimilarity where you
check if you are dissimilar(and if you are you drop them) if they are not you
go to the positive screen of similarity stage where you find out how similar
you are with the person. We do this for social validation since we want to be
around people who agree with us.
How does similarity create initial
attraction?
How does proximity and exposure
create initial attraction?
- diffusion of responsibility: assumption of others’ responsibility
- audience inhibition: fear of overreacting
- social influence: others provide model
Individual factors in
helping others?
Piliavin bystander
calculus?
Processes underlying the bystander
effect?
more sexual, happier, and more assertive
- higher in personal strength (U. and Canada) or integrity and concern (Korea)
- Physical attractiveness is not related to objective measures of intelligence, personality, adjustment, or self-esteem (Feingold, 1992)
- But good-looking people do have more friends, better social skills, and a more active sex life
If someone says they like you, you are more likely to like
them as it feels goof to be around that person, since you
have a similarity. Playing hard to get is an exception
where some people prefer someone who is moderately
selective. Low self esteem is also an exception as these
people want to meet and talk to the people who like or
dislike them, social verification
Festinger et al. (1950)
- university married housing residents started out as strangers, randomly
assigned to apartments
- name their 3 closest friends in the complex
- 65% lived in same building
result= more likely to cross paths, mere exposure effect
- the more often we are exposed to a stimulus, the more we come to like that
stimulus
mood (help more if good mood or feel guilty)
- relationship with victim: help people we know more
- urban vs. rural: people in smaller towns help more
- sense of mortality
- responsibility: if feel more responsible, help more
- gender: males help female victims more (see Figure)
- culture: collectivist cultures (compared to individualists)
help ingroup members more, outgroup members less
c First order change: focus is on individual not environment
and does not address root cause of problem
Second Order Change: Action at environment or
structural level, affects broader community, changes
prevents problem occurring in the future
•primary: space owned or controlled on a relatively permanent
basis (e., home, bedroom)
•secondary: space used regularly where control is less important;
often shared (e., desk at work, favourite seat at café/lecture)
•tertiary: public area open to anyone (e., beaches, footpath,
public transport)
Types of
territoriality?
personal space: interpersonal area surrounding a person’s body,
undefined by visible boundaries, and determined by circumstance,
distance, angle of orientation and type of interaction.
Proxemics is the study of the perception, use and communication
of personal space.
What is personal space and
proxemics?
How do environmental cues influence
behaviour?
interdisciplinary field of study that examines the complex
interrelationships between individuals and their physical and
virtual settings
Lewin’s field theory: behaviour is a function of the combination of
the person and the forces in the surrounding environment or field;
B = f(P,E)
What is environmental psychology?
Difference between refugee and
asylum seeker?
What is the sense of
community theory?
What is the ecological systems
framework?
What is first order and second order
change in community psychology?
Environmental cues = elements in the environment that convey information
that triggers affective reactions
- Influence normative behaviours by strengthening or weakening our
responses to 3 goals:
- normative goal = to act appropriately (to fit in to society where we live)
- hedonic goal = to feel better right now (fulfill our needs)
- gain goal = to guard and improve one’s resources
- consumer studies: influence of aural (music) and olfactory (scent) cues
Refugee: a person with a well-founded fear of persecution.
- Asylum-seeker: claims to be a refugee but this has not been
substantiated.
- Internally-displaced: within their home country, but forced to
leave home.
- Invisible Refugees: Intersection with other issues such as
disability, gender, age, sexuality
Membership which involves clear boundaries regarding who is in and who is
out of the specific community, emotional safety derived from being a valued
member of the community
- Influence refers to the ability one feels one has to impact the broader
community-level and individual-level norms that guide the practices of the
community
- Integration and fulfillment of needs refer to feeling connected to a network
that holds shared values, that exchanges resources, and meets members
needs.
Microsystem: Relationships with direct impact on individual e. parent-child,
teacher-child,family dynamics
Organisations: The contexts in which these relationships take place e.
School, University, Workplace,
Localities: The geographical context of these organisations which has
social economic, resource access implications e. rural, urban, your suburb,
town or city, state and Nation.
Macrosystem; The cultural, political, and social factors that shape your
experience through their influence on these interrelated systems.
Insert text here Insert text here
Insert text here Insert text here
Insert text here Insert text here
Norms (What is ought to be done), theory of planned
behaviour applied to recycling, helping behaviour
(altruism and empathy), green consumerism (materialism
does not increase life quality, changes purchasing
behaviours)
Why people help with the
environment?
Limited cognition (uncertainty), comparison with others
(social norms), perceived risks (all kinds of risk), sunk
costs (financial investments, conflicting goals, values,
aspirations), ideologies (worldviews), Discredence
(mistrust, denial), limited behaviour (tokenism)
What are the psychological barriers to
action?
affective bonds we form with place (intersection of
people and their physical, virtual, or imaginary setting)
Attitudes, heuristics and group
processes of climate change?
tragedy of the commons: depletion of a shared resource due to
individuals, acting to further their own interest, behaving in a
manner which is contrary to the common good of the group (e.,
not participating in recycling, refusing to engage in green
consumerism)
What is tragedy of
the commons?
What is place
attachment?
attitudes and attitude change
- source: credible/attractive sources; message: humour versus fear (protection motivation theory) audience: need for cognition heuristics
- people use easily accessible judgements (temperature that day) as opposed to less accessible ones (global temperature trends) to inform their climate change perceptions
- availability heuristic: if relevant weather events are accessible/come to mind, they influence our perceptions group processes (Fielding & Hornsey, 2016)
- stereotype each other in ingroup-favouring ways (e., “we are the defenders of the environment, they are the destroyers”)
Was this document helpful?
PYB202 Flash Cards
Course: Social and Organisational Psychology (PYB202)
156 Documents
Students shared 156 documents in this course
University: Queensland University of Technology
Was this document helpful?
Evaluation of the self
Why do we need self‐esteem?
Sociometer Theory (Leary & Baumeister,
2000)
• Driven by a need for connection and approval
• Self‐esteem signals level of social inclusion
Terror Management Theory (Greenberg et
al., 1997)
• Driven by self‐preservation but conscious and scared of death
• To cope, we construct and adhere to a cultural worldview that provides meaning and
purpose
Independent view of the self
• Define oneself using own thoughts, feelings and behaviours
• Value independence
• Typical in Western cultures
Interdependent view of the self
• Define oneself using one’s relationships to others and that our behaviour is
determined by thoughts, feelings and behaviours of others
• Value connectedness and interdependence
• Typical in non‐Western cultures
Discover more from:
- Discover more from:
