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History Revision Notes
History
Secondary School
• 10Sefton High School
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History Revision Note Focus the Study on: WW Introduction to the Holocaust A History of Antisemitism Pre-War Jewish Life Nazi-Seizure of Power, Nazi Racial Ideology Rights and Freedoms Main Glossary Terms Word Meaning Antisemitic Term used to describe people who dislike Jews just because they are Jewish. (1873) The word antisemitism was invented by German journalist Wilhelm Marr. (1873) Terra Nullius No man’s land, Nobody’s Land Native Title Refers to the right of Aboriginal peoples to their own traditional lands and waters, typically recognised through common law. Assimilate The process of changing your culture to suit the new environment in which you live Aryan Race A Nazi term used to describe a race of humans that were superior to all other races German Blood, Blonde Hair, Blue eyes Appeasement Giving into someone provided their demands are reasonable. POWs Prisoners of War – people captured by soldiers that have invaded people’s countries. Blood Libel A myth from England in the 12th Century that local Jews used Christian people’s blood to celebrate the Jewish Passover. Stolen Generations The Aboriginal people forcefully taken away from their families between the 1890s and the 1970s. Half-caste A person of mixed race – half Aboriginal. Diaspora The spread of Jewish people from their homeland to communities across Europe after AD Quadroon A person who is one quarter Indigenous. Dictatorship A government that is controlled by one political party, with a supreme leader who has absolute power. Imperialism To increase a country’s power by going to other regions and initiating control over them. Militarism The belief that a country should maintain a strong military force. Nationalism The great love and support one has to their country. Holocaust The mass murder or genocide of over 6 million Jews by the German Nazi Government and its collaborators between 1938-1945.
(Sacrifice by fire) Nazi National Socialist German Workers Party Propaganda A piece of information that contained a one-sided political message designed to sway public opinion Nuremberg Law Set of laws that were agreed upon by the Nazi Party at the German town of Nuremberg between 1933-1938, that defined who was Jewish in Germany and removed their citizenship rights. Other Glossary Terms Word Meaning Indoctrination The process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically Guerrilla A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting Genocide The killing of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group Segregation The action or state of setting someone or something apart from others. Shtetl A small village populated by Jewish people. Zionist A worldwide movement founded with the purpose of establishing a national home for Jews in Palestine. Politically Centrist A term used to describe someone’s political views Usury The action or practice of lending money to unreasonably high rates of interest Secular Not religious or spiritual Terms Nuremberg Laws Set of laws passed down in September 1935 that included laws concerning:
- The German Flag
- The Reich Citizenship Law
- Law of Protection of German Blood and German Honour Antisemitism Term invented by Wilhelm Marr in 1873, Germany. Final Solution The name of the program used to kill off the Jews. Hitler Youth One of the primary tools that the Nazis used to shape the beliefs, thinking, and actions of German Youth SS Schutzstaffel --- Hitler’s team SA Assault division --- Og team Werewolves A group of German boys that continued to fight in Blutschande Blood Defilement Volljude Full Jew Halbjude Half Jew Vierteljude Quarter Jew Kristallnacht Crystal Night/Night of broken glass, where Nazi supporters went on rallies and destroyed Jewish-owned businesses. Gestapo Political Police of Nazi Germany use to eliminate opposition to the Nazis Death Marches Forced marches, used as an attempt to prevent American Allies from freeing large numbers of prisoners. Deicide Term meaning ‘The killing of god’ WW
The European Theatre The North African Theatre The Asian-Pacific Theatre Germany’s invasion of Poland and Czechoslovakia Germany and Italy in war against several European nations. Germany vs Russia Invasion of Crete, Greece by Italy. Controlling North Africa would give the Allied forces a base to attack occupied Europe Tobruk is the most important port in North Africa The soldiers defending Tobruk were known as ‘rats’, as a result of NAZI propaganda radio podcasts. The potential invasion of Japan was risky for Australia Australia vs Japan The Kokoda Campaign
Introduction to the Holocaust During the era of the Holocaust, German authorities targeted the following groups: 1. Jews 2. Gypsies 3. The Disabled 4. Slavic People (Poles, Russians, etc.) 5. Communists 6. Socialists 7. Jehovah’s Witnesses 8. Political Opponents 9. Homosexuals Of the following groups, approximately six million Jews died by the Nazi Regime, making it 60% of the Jewish population present at the time in Germany. (2 out of 3) In the early years of the Nazi regime, the National Socialist government established concentration camps to detain real and imagined opponents. To monitor the Jewish population, the Germans created ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labour camps for Jews. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from countries they controlled to ghettos and to killing centres, often called extermination camps, where they were murdered in specially developed gassing facilities. (Gas chambers) Of the surviving Jews, 700,000 Jews were moved by the Allied powers to Israel, the US, and other nations. History of Antisemitism The first Christians were Jews, however, after the Roman Authorities (Pontius Pilate) decided to have Jesus put to death, they were blamed for the killing of Jesus. The gospel accounts of the crucifixion were interpreted as blaming all Jews for the crucifixion, therefore allowing the early Christian Church to portray Jews as unwilling to accept the will of God, as agents of the devil and as murderers of God. England, France, Spain, Portugal, and German states expelled Jewish people during the Middle Ages, forcing Jews to move towards Eastern. Lies and restrictions were created regarding Jews including: (Restrictions) Jews were restricted to occupations in finance during the Middle Ages. (Lies): 1. Jews created the Black Death 2. Jews killed Christian children for their blood to make Passover bread 3. Jews stole the ‘body of Christ’ from the Christian masses to re-enact the killing of Jesus
Pre-War Jewish Life Before 1933, Jews lived in Germany for about 1600 years. There were now strong movements towards religious reform and assimilation into the wider society, including throughout intermarriage. When the Nazis came to power (1933) there were 500,000 Jews living in Germany. 1/3 of Jews lived in Berlin Another 40% in other big cities 60% of Jews engaged in trade and commerce, 25% in industry and manual trades, 12% in public services and the professions, ie law and medicine. German Jews were centrist politically, non-Zionist, and very ‘German’, with over 80% of them being German born. Many Jews defined themselves as ‘German citizens of the Jewish persuasion’, rather than ‘German Jews’. This was the reason that many Jews refused to leave Germany as the Nazi movement gained momentum; they felt that antisemitism was a ‘given’ in European History, but never believed they would fall victim to it. Before WWII, Jews lived in varied communities spanning eastern and western Europe. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, many European Jews lived in small villages called shtetls, often isolated from many aspects of modern life. Some Jews in the cities chose to live more secular and modern lives, and worked to integrate themselves within a broader European society. Others strongly valued Jewish religious and cultural tradition. Most Jews lived in Eastern European because of the 1095 Crusade by the Church that made many European nations forcefully move and expel Jews living in their nations.
Rights and Freedoms United Nations and UDHR The Struggle of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Development of Civil Rights Important Dates Date What Happened October 24, 1945 The UN was created. April 29, 1770 Captain James Cook colonised the Eastern Coast of Australia 1788 Relations between white settlers and aboriginal people had been peaceful and friendly 1890 The Aborigines’ Protection Board developed a policy to remove children of mixed descent from their families to be ‘merged’ into the non-Indigenous population. 1940 The Aborigines Welfare Board was created under the Aborigines Protection (Amendment) Act 1940, replacing the Aborigines Protection Board, however it continued many of the APB’s policies. January 26, 1938 Day of Mourning, The United Nations After WWII, particularly from the event of the Holocaust, it was vital for the creation of the United Nations. The UN was further created on October 24 1945. Initially, there were 51 nations involved in the creation of the UN, including the US, UK, China, France, Australia, and the Soviet Union leading the charge. The main purposes of the UN are: To maintain international peace and security To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights. Doc Evatt was a key character in Australia’s association with the United Nations. He was the leader of Australia’s delegation to the UN. UDHR The UDHR, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, was an international treaty signed in 1948 that listed all the rights humans were intitled to. The introduction of the UDHR document is important to exist for nations to build systems of justice, and to unite the global community to a common cause.
Early 20th Century Activism Austrian Aborigines’ League Fred Maynard Aborigines Progressive Association AAP William Cooper To lobby government on behalf of Aboriginal people Protested against: o Equality o Citizenship o Discriminatory Legislation Founded the AAP His group protested about: o Separation of families o Public Schools Fought for Indigenous rights to land ownership, citizenship, Indigenous affairs, and the forceful removal of children. Unite and fight back against the Australian Gov. Started a petition for representation in parliament, enfranchisement, and land rights. Led the first Aboriginal deputation to a commonwealth minister Stolen Generations The Stolen Generations – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who, as children, were separated from their families. Authorities maintained the separation of Indigenous children and their families through censoring letters and putting severe restriction on Family visits. Staff in foster homes taught children to think of Indigenous people as dirty, untrustworthy, threatening, and inferior. The government favoured foster care or adoption for Indigenous children as they were cost saving. In the late 1960s, majority of Australians didn’t know about the assimilation policy of Indigenous children removed from their families. By the mid-1980s, the preferred policy for Aboriginal children was that they should be placed in their own race. To achieve this, many Aboriginal activists pressured the governments throughout Australia to adopt the Aboriginal children placement principle. Policy of Assimilation Within the first half of the 20th century, it was assumed that Indigenous Australians would die out, however the growing population of ‘half-castes’ soon became known as the ‘Aboriginal Problem’. To resolve the ‘Aboriginal Problem’ the government discontinues its policy of protection, and to instead adopt an assimilationist approach. Contradictory Logic: o There was a lot of contradiction between the white’s proposed process of assimilation and what they decided to do. o It was expected that Indigenous peoples would be complacent whilst entering ‘white society’, yet they were never provided the same rights or opportunities. o Though assimilation was forced on half-caste Aboriginals, they still never were treated equally – this is the contradictory logic of the policy of assimilation
Policies Protection Assimilation Developed by the APB Gives the board legal authority to abduct Aboriginal children and regulate Aboriginal Movement Board does not need to establish reason in court Governments took children and placed them in government- and missionary-run training institutions, put them up for adoption of placed them with foster parents. Believed that over generations Australia’s Indigenous peoples would ultimately ‘die out’. Full-blood Indigenous people should be allowed to ‘die out’ through a process of natural elimination. ‘Half-castes’ were encouraged to assimilate into white community. Assimilation policies presumed that Indigenous people could enjoy the same standard of living as white Australians. Removal from traditional land Segregation Paternalism – restricting freedom Stolen Children (Introduced because of) decreasing number of Aboriginal people It further undermined Indigenous identity and culture and justified the dispossession of Indigenous people and their removal from their parents. Led to an increase in Aboriginal activism (e. William Cooper) No positives whatsoever
History Revision Notes
Subject: History
Secondary School
• 10
