Richard III Summary – Act 1, Scene 1:

Richard, the duke of Gloucester, speaks in a monologue addressed to himself and to the

audience. After a lengthy civil war, he says, peace at last has returned to the royal house of

England. Richard says that his older brother, King Edward IV, now sits on the throne, and

everyone around Richard is involved in a great celebration. But Richard himself will not join

in the festivities. He complains that he was born deformed and ugly, and bitterly laments his

bad luck. He vows to make everybody around him miserable as well. Moreover, Richard

says, he is power-hungry, and seeks to gain control over the entire court. He implies that his

ultimate goal is to make himself king.

Working toward this goal, Richard has set in motion various schemes against the other

noblemen of the court. The first victim is Richard’s own brother, Clarence. Richard and

Clarence are the two younger brothers of the current king, Edward IV, who is very ill and

highly suggestible at the moment. Richard says that he has planted rumors to make Edward

suspicious of Clarence.

Clarence himself now enters, under armed guard. Richard’s rumor-planting has worked, and

Clarence is being led to the Tower of London, where English political prisoners were

traditionally imprisoned and often executed. Richard, pretending to be very sad to see

Clarence made a prisoner, suggests to Clarence that King Edward must have been

influenced by his wife, Queen Elizabeth, or by his mistress, Lady Shore, to become

suspicious of Clarence. Richard promises that he will try to have Clarence set free. But after

Clarence is led offstage toward the Tower, Richard gleefully says to himself that he will make

sure Clarence never returns.

Lord Hastings, the lord Chamberlain of the court, now enters. He was earlier imprisoned in

the Tower by the suspicious King Edward, but has now been freed. Richard, pretending

ignorance, asks Hastings for the latest news, and Hastings tells him that Edward is very sick.

After Hastings leaves, Richard gloats over Edward’s illness. Edward’s death would bring

Richard one step closer to the throne. Richard wants Clarence to die first, however, so that

Richard will be the legal heir to power. Richard’s planned next step is to try to marry a

noblewoman named Lady Anne Neville. An alliance with her would help Richard on his way

to the throne. Lady Anne recently has been widowed—she was married to the son of the

previous king, Henry VI, who recently was deposed and murdered, along with his son, by

Richard’s family. Anne is thus in deep mourning. But the sadistic and amoral Richard is

amused by the idea of persuading her to marry him under these circumstances.

Richard III Summary – Act 1, Scene 1

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