Introduction to Criminology (CRM1300)

For Howard Becker (labelling theory), what is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? What are the key concepts and stages that mark someone’s transition from primary to secondary deviance (i.e., drift, continuance commitment, rhetorics, stigma, master status etc.)

Based on our reflection on the roles of the criminologist in an institutional setting, choose the correct answer : a) There is no incompatibility between the roles of controlling and helping. All measures taken to control the individual are intended to help him and make him reflect on his behavior. b) Although most criminologists only want to control offenders in prison, in reality these professionals always prefer the role of helping their "clients", because of the lack of psychological follow-up. c) It is entirely possible to reconcile helping and controlling, which can in fact be exercised at different points in the intervention without compromising the trust of the "clients". d) The roles of helper and controller are very difficult to reconcile. Although criminologists initially hold the helping role dear, the controlling function takes over in corrections work. e) All these statements are incorrect.

Que retenir des conséquences de l'enfermement carcéral ? a) Le détenu doit faire face à un nouveau statut social (un matricule parmi d'autres) et adopter de nouvelles habitudes de vie (par exemple, il doit cohabiter avec des gens qu'il n'a pas choisi de fréquenter). b) Le détenu doit apprendre à se méfier de tout le monde et à tout faire pour éviter les ennuis. c) Le détenu voit souvent sa santé se détériorer (tant sur le plan psychologique que physique). d) Le détenu perd en grande partie son autonomie (par exemple, il ne doit plus ouvrir les portes). e) Toutes ces réponses.

Identify the erroneous [false] statement. The policeman as crime fighter... a) is an image first created, according to Beauchesne (2022), in the early 2000s to deal with the threat of terrorism. b) is an image, according to Beauchesne (2022), that explains the large number of young people wanting to join the police force. c) is a questionable image, according to Beauchesne (2022), because the police spend most of their time on administrative tasks, preventive matters and responding to non-criminal calls. d) refers to the process of police professionalization.

About restorative justice in Canada, according to our courses and the documentary "When Punishment Isn't Enough," choose the correct answer: a) Restorative justice is used only in the post-sentence phase, never influencing the trial. b) Restorative justice programs are based on the obligation to participate in the restorative process. Once the process has begun, it cannot be stopped. c) Restorative justice is used either as an alternative measure, replacing the traditional criminal justice route in eligible cases, or in the post-sentence phase. Various models have been implemented by the country's provinces. d) The willingness to participate is the basis of restorative justice measures. The mediator can also stop the process at any time if the safety of the parties involved is compromised. e) Answers c) and d) are correct.

Regarding abolitionists' criticisms and proposals for the justice system, choose the erroneous statement [false] : a) Abolitionists support the abolition of the criminal justice system, but not of the police, who must continue to intervene when the nature of the situation justifies it. b) Abolitionists encourage the intervention of intermediary groups (family, loved ones, etc.) directly on problem situations, to seek possible solutions or reparations. c) According to abolitionism, the criminal justice system causes intentional harm and needless suffering to people in the justice system, which in turn affects their families and loved ones. d) The penal system dispossesses the parties involved of their conflict and grants them a passive role in problem-solving. e) One abolitionist proposal is to change the language used in the criminal justice system, moving beyond certain distinctions (e.g. "perpetrator" and "victim") and away from stigmatizing terms such as "criminal".