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Psychological Disorders
Principles of Psychology (Psyc 100)
Queen's University
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Psychological Disorders Mental Disorders ● Major public health problem, affects the higher functions of the brain including cognition, mood, and behaviour. ● Biomedical vs. biopsychosocial models. o Bio = biological, physical abnormalities. o Psychosocial = psychological and cultural/social factors. ● Difficult to categorize mental disorders ● 2 classification systems: ICD-10 and DSM- o ICD-10 is International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. System from the WHO. o DSM-5 is Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, from the American Psychiatric Association (APA). ● According to the National Institute of Health (NIH), each year in the USA about 25% will meet criteria for 1 mental disorder, and 6% will have a serious mental illness that cause severe disability/distress.
Categories of Mental Disorders ● Types of mental disorders – enormous #, many with overlapping features. ● Not due to use of medication, drugs, other medical conditions, etc. Also cultural differences. ● Usually causes distress/disability. Key point because person who’s unusual/eccentric does not have psychological disorder. ● We’ll go through DSM- o 20 top-level categories o 1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders – involve distress/disability due to abnormality in development of nervous system. Includes intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD. o 2. Neurocognitive Disorders – Loss of cognitive/other functions of the brain after nervous system has developed. Big categories within this, one is delirium (reversible episode of cognitive/higher brain problems, many causes – drugs/blood/infections). Dementia and its milder versions are usually irreversible and progressive. o 3. Sleep-wake Disorders result in distress/disability from sleep-related issues. Include insomnia and breathing-related sleep disorders. o 4. Anxiety Disorders – abnormal worry/fear. Some are specific to certain stimuli like phobias, while others are not specific to certain stimuli, including generalized anxiety disorder. Panic disorder involves panic attacks. o 5. Depressive Disorders – abnormally negative mood. Mood refers to long-term emotional state. Mood is also subjective experience person has of their experience. High risk of suicide. o 6. Bipolar and Related Disorders – abnormal mood, but these may have periods of abnormally positive mood called mania. Leads to social/legal problems. o 7. Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic Disorders - involves distress/disability from psychosis. Psychosis involves delusions (not explainable by experiences/culture), hallucinations. o 8. Trauma/Stressor-Related Disorders - occurs after stressful/traumatic events. Post-traumatic stress disorder, common after wars.
o 9. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders – distress/disability form use of substances that affect mental function. Include alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, opioids, etc. o 10. Personality Disorders – related to personality. Involves long-term mental and behavioural features characteristic of a person, huge spectrum of personality types considered acceptable. Personality disorders involve ones outside those accepted of societal norms. Cluster A odd/eccentric, Cluster B intense emotional/relationship problems, Cluster C is anxious/avoidant/obsessive o 11. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders – inability to control inappropriate behaviours o 12. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders – compulsions are unwelcome thoughts that occur repeatedly. Ex. obsession with hands being dirty, compulsion to wash them many times a day. o 13. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders - Distress/disability from symptoms similar to those that may occur to illness unrelated to mental disorder, but of psychological origin. Example is someone that has abdominal pain, caused by stress. o 14. Feeding and Eating Disorders – behavioural abnormalities related to food, ex. anorexia, bulimia. o 15. Elimination Disorders – urination/defecation at inappropriate times. o 16. Dissociative Disorders – abnormalities of identity/memory. Multiple personalities, or lost memories for part of their lives. o 17. Sexual Dysfunctions – abnormalities in performance of sexual activity. o 18. Gender Dysphoria – caused by person identifying as a different gender o 19. Paraphilic Disorders – having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli o 20. Other Disorders – any person that appears to have a mental disorder causing distress/disability but doesn’t fit into other categories. Rare.
Psychological Disorders
Course: Principles of Psychology (Psyc 100)
University: Queen's University
