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Biology Dissection A Key MYA
Biology: principles and themes (BIO 1020)
University of Manitoba
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Biology Dissections – MYA REVIEW
FETAL PIG DISSECTION
1. What is the function of each structure in the umbilical cord? Umbilical cord supplies fetus with nutrients and other resources while in the mother’s uterus; attaches to the placenta. The umbilical vein brings oxygenated blood to the fetus from the placenta. The umbilical arteries along the urinary bladder; brings de-oxygenated blood from the fetus.
2. What is the function of the sensory papillae found on the tongue? Sensory papillae on the tongue help taste food. While the bumps themselves don’t register flavours, they contain the nerve cells (taste buds) that register the flavour of food.
3. How many lobes does the liver have and describe the location of the gall bladder? There are five lobes of a fetal pig. Right Lateral, right central, left central, left lateral, and caudate. The gall bladder is located under the 1st lobe of the liver on the pigs right side of the body.
4. Humans have three lobes in the right lung, two lobes in the left lung. How many lobes are there in the lungs of the fetal pig? In a fetal pig the left lung contains three lobs and the right lung contains four.
5. Lung tissue is general sponge-like. Is this apparent in the fetal pig? If not, why? The fetal pigs’ lungs are small and slightly solid because they have never been inflated. The spongy look is due to being inflated.
6. What function do the cartilaginous rings of the trachea serve? The cartilaginous rings of the trachea helps support the trachea while still allowing it to move and flex during breathing.
7. The urinary bladder in the fetal pig is found within the tissue of the umbilical cord. Why is this so? Why is the bladder not connected to the urogenital opening of the pig? The urinary bladder in a fetal pig is found within the tissue of the umbilical cord because when in the womb the fetal pig excrete urine of the umbilical cord.
8. What is the primary diet of a pig? Pigs are omnivores; eating plants and animals. In the wild they are forging animals primarily eating leaves, roots, fruits and flowers, in addition to some insects and fish.
9. What is the gestational period for a pig? How often can a pig become pregnant? The gestational period of a pig is 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days. For a total of 114 days. Pregnancy can produce 6-12 piglets at a time and may have 2 litters in a year.
10. How do the external structure of a pig help it live in its external environment?
Pigs have a long snout with large nostrils to be able to smell really well and to forage for food. To avoid predators in the wild, pigs have very good hearing. 11. What is the full taxonomy of a pig? Kingdom: animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Artiodactyla, Family: Suidae, Subfamily: Suinae, Genus: Sus
BULLFROG DISSECTION
1. How are the feet of the frog adapted for swimming? The feet of a frog are adapted for swimming as many of them are webbed to help assist them in swimming faster. The webbed feet create more surface are allowing the frogs to apply more force against the surrounding water; more power. 2. The tip of the tongue in a live frog is sticky. What would be the advantage to this? The advantage of the tip of the frog’s tongue being sticky is that it can easily catch insects even if the insect can fly fast such as flies.
3. How does the length of the small intestine relate to its function in absorbing digested food? The length of the small intestine relates to its function in absorbing digested food in the way that it takes more time to pass through and allows for more calories and nutrients to be absorbed.
4. Explain how a frog’s heart functions and how it is different form a humans? A frog’s heart has 3 chambers, where humans have 4. Right Atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs and skins. Both atria empty in the one ventricle. The ventricle pumps blood to the body and lungs. Unlike humans, frogs have grooves called trabeculae to keep the oxygenated blood separate from the deoxygenated blood in its one ventricle. Plus, frogs can get oxygen from their skin as well as their lungs.
5. What is a frog’s diet in general and how is it adapted for eating this type of food? Frogs eat almost any live prey they can find, including insects, snails, spiders, and worms or small fish. Some adaptation to help eat include their sticky tongue to quickly capture fast moving prey. In addition, due to their powerful grip of their jaws they are able to capture large prey.
6. The abdominal organs of a frog have thin clear coating on them. What is this and what is its function? The abdominal organs are kept in place by the mesentry. This anchors the abdominal organs to the back of the abdominal wall. Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics branch through the mesentry to supply the intestine. The mesentry holds coils of the small intestine together.
7. Compare a Frog’s hearing a humans? How are they the same and how are they different?
3. Pectoral and pelvic fins: These are sued for propelling themselves through the water Dorsal Fin: This is used for balance Caudal Fin: This is used for steering through the water
4. Describe the scales of the perch. Which direction do they face? What is the advantage of this? The scales of the perch were hard and smooth. They faced away from the head, which is an advantage because the scales help them glide through the water because of how they are facing and it provides good protection.
5. How many nostrils does the perch have? How are they different from your nostrils? There are two nostrils and they are different from ours because they are one on each side of the fish. They also have slits. 6. What characteristics can you observe in the gills that makes them an efficient respiratory organ? Characteristics observed in the gills that makes them an efficient respiratory organ are that there are many tiny thin filaments that continue to branch out. This provides a larger surface area, which allows oxygen to rapidly diffuse into the blood.
7. Describe the lateral line. What is the function of the lateral line of a perch? The lateral line is a line that runs along the side of the fish, it is the spinal cord. It is a system of sensory organs used to detect movement, vibration and pressure gradient in the surrounding water. 8. While many invertebrates have an exoskeleton, vertebrates such as fishes have an endoskeleton. Of what advantages is the endoskeleton to these animals? Endoskeletons are advantages for perches because they allow for much more movement, easier mobility, protection for the organs, and breathable skin. Not to mention, they don’t restrict the growth of the animal and don’t require much energy to shed.
9. The perch fertilizes its eggs and leaves them exposed on rocks. The guppy fertilizes its egg internally and gives birth to live young. Which fish produces fewer eggs? Compare the survival rate of these two species. The guppy produces less eggs because it has to hold them inside and then give live birth, while the perch leaves large amounts of eggs on exposed rocks. However, the guppy has a higher survival rate because the young are born live, which helps them to survive.
10. The perch possesses a gas filled structure called a swim bladder. What is the function of the swim bladder? The functions of the swim bladder is to regulate the fish’s position in the water. When the perch fills the swim bladder, it is able to rise in the water. When the gas level goes down, the fish floats.
11. Certain fish that live deep in the ocean have chemicals in their skin that make them luminescent. What advantage is this characteristic to these fish? The bioluminescence of fish that live deep in the ocean helps them to find and attract prey as well as help define against predators.
CRAYFISH DISSECTION
1. What structures are used for capturing prey or securing and eating food? The mandible is used to chew food, the maxilla manipulate food and the chelipeds secure and held capture prey.
2. The feathery quality of the gills gives them a very large surface area. Why is this important? The gills allow for exchange of gases, oxygen enters the blood and CO 2 exits. For efficient breathing, you must maximize the surface area where the gas exchange enters.
3. What organs in your body carry out a similar function as the green glands? What is that function? The function of the green glands in crayfish is to filter, process and remove impurities on a daily basis much like kidneys in our body.
4. Of the crayfish system you observed, which two are most unlike the related human system? Explain The two system of a crayfish that are unlike the human system are the skeletal and respiratory system. This is because the skeletal system of a crayfish is on the outside where its internal for us. The respiratory is different because the respiratory system involved gills where humans have lungs.
5. How are the segments of a crayfish different from those of an earthworm? Earthworms have homonomous metamerism meaning each of the segments looks like every other segment. Crayfish have undergone something called tagmosis where some of the segments have fused thus they have heteronomous metamerism.
6. Rows of chitinous teeth line the stomach. Predict their function. Aid in food digestion by helping to further break down food to smaller particles.
7. Many nerves leave from each ganglion. Where do you think these nerves go? They go throughout the body, especially the sensory organs helping to detect if an organism is being attacked or hit.
8. Is the crayfish most vulnerable to its enemies form the dorsal or ventral side? Why? It is the most vulnerable on the ventral side because on that side lacks the carapace which is the hard exoskeleton. The exoskeleton protects the soft body of the crayfish.
sperm in the mantle cavity where the sperm was either stored or just received. After fertilization the female squid then lays the eggs.
7. Why are the branchial hearts sometimes referred to as the “gill hearts”? Because their job is to pump deoxygenated blood from the body to the gills while the other heart pumps blood throughout other parts of the body.
8. Why don’t humans need two hearts to pump deoxygenated blood throughout the lungs and a third heart to pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, as does the squid? Humans have one heart that has four chambers continuously pumping oxygenated blood throughout the body while also collecting deoxygenated blood to be oxygenated and used again. While for squid they don’t have one heart that does everything. Each of the three hearts a squid has plays one part and all together they function as one to do the job that can be achieved by one human heart.
9. How is the beaks an adaptation to the squid’s diet? Their sharp beak on their mouth help them to break open shells, and draw in food as it acts as the lips and teeth for the buccal mass.
10. Describe the appearance and texture of the pen. What is the purpose of the pen? A pen looks like a transparent thin piece of plastic an is pointy. The purpose of the pen supports the squid as it speeds through the water as it flexibility allows for jet propulsive swimming.
EARTHWORM DISSECTION
1. Fill in the following classification information on the Earthworm (Lumbricus Terrestris) a. Domain: Eukarya b. Kingdom: Animalia c. Phylum: Annelida d. Class: Clitellata e. Order: Haplotaxida f. Family: Lumbricidae g. Genus: Lumbricus h. Species: Terrestris
2. What does an Earthworm eat? They eat both organic matter and small microorganisms; they feed on dead grass and leaves if above ground. They also deed on fruits, berries and vegetables but below ground they feed on algae, fungi and bacteria.
3. Annelids are the simplest animals to have a true coelem (they are called coelomates). What is a coelem? The body cavity in metazoans, located between the intestinal canal and the body wall.
4. Define the following terms: a. Dorsal: Of, on, or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ. b. Ventral: Of, on, or relating to the underside of an animal or plant; abdominal. c. Anterior: Nearer the front, especially situated in the front of the body or nearer to the head. d. Posterior: Further back in position; of an near the rear or hind end, especially of the body or part of it. 5. Describe three ways in which an Earthworm’s body is adapted to life in the soil. a. Their streamline shape allows them to burrow through soil. b. Their non-skeletal structure helps with their movement. c. The small bristles, setae and segments help them to grip the soil.
6. a) Define the term cephalization The concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc. At the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain both during evolution and in embryo development.
b) How does the Earthworm exhibit Cephalization? An Earthworm exhibits cephalization through a particular part of the nervous system-enlarged ganglion. It acts a simple brain and it located in the anterior portion of the earthworms anatomy.
7. State two ways in which annelids are beneficial to the world. a. Decomposes organic materials
b. Increases nutrient availability
8. State and describe three reproductive structure that the Earthworm has. a. Testes – 2 pairs of small, white and lobed produce sperm
b. Ovaries – Pair of small, white, lobulated ovaries that form ova
c. Oviduct – 2 short conical oviducts that collect ova from ovary and give to female genital pore.
9. The crop and gizzard are tow structure in the digestive system of the Earthworm a. The crop is closer to the head than the Gizzard is
b. The good goes into the crop right after it leaves the Esophagus and after the crop it goes into the Gizzard.
10. Earthworms can die in both the sunshine and the rain, why is this?
5. Is the specimen that you brought to school a monocot or dicot? Give multiple reasons to explain how you know this. The specimen I brought into school is a dicot and this is because it has a network of veins, the flowers were multiple of four or five, and when cutting the stem it had vascular bundles usually arranged in a ring.
Biology Dissection A Key MYA
Course: Biology: principles and themes (BIO 1020)
University: University of Manitoba
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