Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

The study of energy and its link to chemical processes is known as thermodynamics. To

tackle thermodynamics difficulties, we must first define a system and its surroundings. The

object that undergoes a thermodynamic transformation is referred to as the system. The

system's environs are any parts of the universe in direct contact with it.

1. Open systems exchange mass as well as heat and energy with their environment.

2. Heat and energy are exchanged in closed systems, but not mass.

3. Heat/energy or mass are not exchanged between isolated systems.

of their energy to lower energy molecules in the other system.

Convection is the transmission of thermal energy through fluid movement. Due to pressure

or density differences, warm fluid travels in the direction of cooler fluid.

Radiation is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic waves. Metal, for example, emits

visible electromagnetic waves when heated and flaming red.

This first law asserts that the system's and its environment's energy is always conserved. This

indicates that any change to a system must be equal to the system's heat flow plus the

labour done on it.

ΔU = Q + W

ΔU = Change in internal energy

In a cycle-like operation, the second rule of thermodynamics reveals that heat cannot be

totally converted to work. The preferred path of a particular transformation can be

determined using this law — for example, we know that heat flows from a hot source to a

cool source.