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Indrotduction to Living Cells
Term 1 Human Body Notes
Module
The Human Body (PY4010)
171 Documents
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University
Kingston University
Academic year: 2021/2022
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• Define a living cell
Cells are the fundamental unit of all living things on earth
• State the range of cell sizes, from the smallest to the
largest known cells
Mycoplasma is the smallest at 3 micrometers and 10^-14 g
An ostritch egg isd the biggest at 20cm and 2kg
• Discuss the key universal features of all living cells
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
They exchange molecules with their surroundings.
They communicate, store hereditary information as DNA, and the DNA
fragment corresponding to one protein is one gene.
Cells translate RNA into proteins in the same way.
• Explain why cells from all domains of life have
fundamental features in common
All cells have evolved from a common ancestor.
• Recall the organelles of eukaryotic cells
Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoplasm, cell
membrane, golgi apparatus, centrioles
• Describe in a schematic manner the structure of DNA,
RNA and proteins
DNA- Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, base
RNA- Ribose sugar, is single stranded and contains uracil
Proteins- 3 bases translate into one amino acid.
• Explain in broad outline the steps by which genetic
information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then
translated into protein
Transcription/ RNA synthesis
Translation- RNA into protein using tRNA anti codon and mRNA codon
• Explain the concept of life as “a pattern in flux”
Molecules in cells are constantly being exchanged
• Define the concept of homeostasis
The ability or tendancy of an organism or cell to maintain internal
equiliberium by adjusting its physiological processes
Main functions of organelles
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- Synthesis of phospholipids and steroid hormones. Oxidation of
foreign substances.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum- Synthesis of proteins and complex lipids.
Golgi- Major processing activity as glycosylation.
Lysosomes- Contain digestive enzynmes, and assist with intracellular digestion.
Lysosomal enzymes- For example glycosidase, nucleases and proteases.
Functions of Lysosomes- Phagocytosis, perocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Peroxisomes- Involved in oxidation reactions, and oxidises organic molecules producing H2O2.
Breakdown excess of fatty acids/purines to uric acid. Participates in synthesis of cholesterol
which uses enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.
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Indrotduction to Living Cells
Module: The Human Body (PY4010)
171 Documents
Students shared 171 documents in this course
University: Kingston University
Was this document helpful?
•Define a living cell
Cells are the fundamental unit of all living things on earth
•State the range of cell sizes, from the smallest to the
largest known cells
Mycoplasma is the smallest at 3 micrometers and 10^-14 g
An ostritch egg isd the biggest at 20cm and 2kg
•Discuss the key universal features of all living cells
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
They exchange molecules with their surroundings.
They communicate, store hereditary information as DNA, and the DNA
fragment corresponding to one protein is one gene.
Cells translate RNA into proteins in the same way.
•Explain why cells from all domains of life have
fundamental features in common
All cells have evolved from a common ancestor.
•Recall the organelles of eukaryotic cells
Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, cytoplasm, cell
membrane, golgi apparatus, centrioles
•Describe in a schematic manner the structure of DNA,
RNA and proteins
DNA- Phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, base
RNA- Ribose sugar, is single stranded and contains uracil
Proteins- 3 bases translate into one amino acid.
•Explain in broad outline the steps by which genetic
information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then
translated into protein
Transcription/ RNA synthesis
Translation- RNA into protein using tRNA anti codon and mRNA codon
•Explain the concept of life as “a pattern in flux”
Molecules in cells are constantly being exchanged
•Define the concept of homeostasis
The ability or tendancy of an organism or cell to maintain internal
equiliberium by adjusting its physiological processes
