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Migration Notes
Human Geography
Sixth Form (A Levels)
School 21 - Stratford
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Introduction to migration MIGRATION: The movement of people across a specific boundary, national or international, to establish a new permanent place of residence - According to the UN, there were more than 280 million migrants around the world last year (3% of the global population) Top 3 countries of migration within the UK: India, Poland, Pakistan ECONOMIC MIGRANTS: globally these are the majority of migrants, seeking work and social opportunities, often sending money back to their family, known as migrant remittances REFUGEE: a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution or natural disaster. Refugees, people fleeing conflict zones and persecution - growing in number as asylum seekers Intervening obstacles are outlined in Lee's model of migration, where there are more negatives than positives in the place of origin; then migrants may face intervening obstacles such as trafficking on the way to their destination, which holds more positives than negatives. Inter-regional migration flows Push factors: reasons why people want to leave an area Pull factors: reasons why people want to move to an area Simple model: Lee’s migration model: Intervening obstacles could be Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, seas, climatic factors, health, transport, cultural factors e. language.
Forced migration: push factors forcing you to migrate Voluntary migration: pull factors influencing you to migrate Intervening opportunity: somewhere closer on the route that is better Intra-regional migration flows Do Now: 1- Thailand, Bangkok 2- Intervening obstacles are outlined in Lee's model of migration, where there are more negatives than positives in the place of origin; then migrants may face intervening obstacles such as trafficking on the way to their destination, which holds more positives than negatives. Schengen area- video - Issues around romania and bulgaria - wanting to join Poland to UK- video INCREASE IN HATE CRIME Highest intra regional migration to the UK - 800, Migration and development REMITTANCE- transfer of money by foreign workers to an individual in their origin country 2 ways migrant remittances are more beneficial: - Insurance is increased - Goes directly India receives the largest amount - 111 billion El salvador - increase literacy rates because those who receive remittances less likely to drop out of school Mexico & sri lanka - birth rate in children are higher in those who receive remittances -decrease IMR BRAIN DRAIN: skilled individuals move from one place to another Remittances used for: healthcare, food, rent, event, funerals, marriages, build houses and businesses, Barriers to flow of remittances:
Democracy and equality, gender equality seen in migrant country → brought back to source country → more political awareness and peace building → political and social stability Population structure:
Balance out issues of ageing population → raise birth rates
More working age population → migrants are younger and unattached and single
More able to have children → increase birth rate → more working people to grow economy → less reliance on small group Growth:
Migrant working in a country help its economic growth through taxes of government → pay more than 22 billion taxes than they take out the system → put in more than they take from government Gaps in labour market:
Skilled and unskilled → agricultural sector needs seasonal workers, where migrants come in during these seasons → makes economy more efficient → enables industry to run and expand by filling in unfilled jobs Buying products
They consume products in the labour market → builds new businesses to meet their demands → e more chinese migrants so more chinese supermarkets growing to meet their demands → money goes back into economy, causing economic growth Entrepreneurs
Migrants open up businesses and, 17% of non-born UK citizens have businesses, 6% higher than UK nationals. Remittances sent back to families and households → multiplier effect and the money sent back will be spent on the local economy, impacting local businesses and they grow.
E remittances sent back to family to improve house, improving local construction workers, or buying new furniture, → success of companies → economic growth Development:
Returning migrants can bring new ideas and skills learnt abroad, impacting the economy.
Connections with other countries and network links
DIASPORA NETWORKS - people who move abroad and still have connections with origin country
Ideas and skills can flow easily between the networks
Money made by diaspora networks can be sent abroad, and connects and builds up countries.
Social remittances → ideas or values or practices migrants experience and take back with them → guatemala returning from USA came with better awareness of contraceptives → reducing STDs in guatemala
UN have bottom up projects, happening because of migration links:
E tunisia and france, due to historic connections → tunisian diaspora in france send money and skilled people back to tunisia to help women become economically independent → e in villages, learning to breed sheep to make their own money, so they do not have to migrate and leave the country → can build economy whilst living their instead of migrating. Inequality, conflict and injustice Do now: Flag: malaysia One way migration can lead to stability is through social remittances; flows of ideas and values that migrants take back with them to their origin country. E USA, the Guatemalan population who migrated back gained better awareness of contraceptives, and therefore reduced rates of STDs in Guatemala. INEQUALITY: people experiencing different standards of living
Nearly 75,000 indians working in abroad countries as doctors
⅓ of romanian doctors are working outside of romania
7% of college graduates live abroad in LIDCS, but less than 1% live abroad in ACs
Brain drain tends to decrease the more economically developed the country you are living in is
FLOWS OF PEOPLE: Youngest people tend to leave which can mean the economy of the course country will decline, as the younger population are migrating Birth rate in source country will decline and lead to an ageing population (depopulation) FLOWS OF MONEY: Families receive remittances which can give money and goods in services, than comparents to those who do not receive it CONFLICT: In the last decade, 60000 migrant deaths have been recorded at borders since 2014 The most dangerous border crossing is europe, with under 300,000 people killed Since the fall of berlin walls, it has results in the massive expansion of europe borders creating 20 new berlin walls
Extreme exploitation of migrant workers
Dual nationality, two tier citizenships
Flows of ideas - xenophobic policy platform, pressuring housing
Gender migration flows are gendered, depending on causes of migration or the skills gap they are filling; for instance, in the Middle East, there is a masculinised migration flow, while domestic and care work in North America and Europe are feminised migration flows.
Migration Notes
Subject: Human Geography
Sixth Form (A Levels)
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