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Number Theory 2017-2018 Example Sheet 4

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Number theory

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Michaelmas Term 2017 Number Theory: Example Sheet 4 of 4

Throughout this sheet,Ndenotes an odd positive integer.

  1. Letdandmbe positive integers such thatdis not a square and such thatm 6

d. Prove that ifxandyare positive integers satisfyingx 2 −dy 2 =mthenx/y is a convergent of

d.

  1. Determine which of the equationsx 2 − 31 y 2 = 1,x 2 − 31 y 2 = 4 andx 2 − 31 y 2 = 5 are soluble in positive integersxandy. For each that is soluble, exhibit at least one solution.

  2. Find two solutions in positive integersxandyof the equationx 2 −dy 2 = 1 when d= 3, 7, 13, 19.

  3. Find all bases for which 39 is an Euler pseudoprime.

  4. LetN be an odd composite integer.

(i) Show that ifN is a Carmichael number, thenN is square-free. (ii) Show thatNis a Carmichael number if and only ifNis square-free andp− 1 dividesN−1 for every primepdividingN. (iii) Show that ifN is a Carmichael number, thenN is the product of at least three distinct primes. (iv) Find the smallest Carmichael number.

  1. LetN = (6t+ 1)(12t+ 1)(18t+ 1), wheretis a positive integer such that 6t+ 1, 12 t+ 1 and 18t+ 1 are all prime numbers. Prove thatNis a Carmichael number. Use this construction to find three Carmichael numbers. (You will need to come up with a better method than simply tryingt= 1, 2 , 3 ,.. ..)

  2. Prove that there are 36 bases for which 91 is a pseudoprime. More generally, show that ifpand 2p−1 are both prime numbers, thenN=p(2p−1) is a pseudoprime for precisely half of all bases.

  3. LetN= 561. Find the number of basesbfor whichN is an Euler pseudoprime. Show that there are precisely 10 bases for whichN is a strong pseudoprime.

  4. Letpbe a prime greater than 5. Prove thatN= (4p+ 1)/5 is a composite integer. Prove thatN is a strong pseudoprime to the base 2.

  5. Assume thatnis an integer greater than 1 such thatFn= 2 2 n

    • 1 is composite (n= 5,.. .). Prove thatFnis a pseudoprime to the base 2.
  6. Prove that ifNhas a factor which is within 4

N of

N, then Fermat factorisation must work on the first try.

  1. Use Fermat factorisation to factor the integers 8633, 809009, and 92296873.

a.j@dpmms.cam.ac - 1 - 22 November 2017

  1. Explain why when we use the continued fraction algorithmfor factorisingN, there is no need to include in the factor baseBany primepwith

(N

p

)

=−1.

  1. LetN= 2701. Use theB-numbers 52 and 53 for a suitable factor baseBto factor

  2. Use Pollard’sp−1 method withk= 840 anda= 2 to try to factorN = 53467. Then try witha= 3.

  3. Use the continued fraction algorithm to factor the integers 9509, 13561, 8777 and

a.j@dpmms.cam.ac - 2 - 22 November 2017

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Number Theory 2017-2018 Example Sheet 4

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Michaelmas Term 2017
Number Theory: Example Sheet 4 of 4
Throughout this sheet, Ndenotes an odd positive integer.
1. Let dand mbe positive integers such that dis not a square and such that m6d.
Prove that if xand yare positive integers satisfying x2
dy2=mthen x/y is a
convergent of d.
2. Determine which of the equations x2
31y2= 1, x2
31y2= 4 and x2
31y2= 5
are soluble in positive integers xand y. For each that is soluble, exhibit at least
one solution.
3. Find two solutions in positive integers xand yof the equation x2
dy2= 1 when
d= 3, 7, 13, 19.
4. Find all bases for which 39 is an Euler pseudoprime.
5. Let Nbe an odd composite integer.
(i) Show that if Nis a Carmichael number, then Nis square-free.
(ii) Show that Nis a Carmichael number if and only if Nis square-free and p1
divides N1 for every prime pdividing N.
(iii) Show that if Nis a Carmichael number, then Nis the product of at least
three distinct primes.
(iv) Find the smallest Carmichael number.
6. Let N= (6t+ 1)(12t+ 1)(18t+ 1), where tis a positive integer such that 6t+ 1,
12t+ 1 and 18t+ 1 are all prime numbers. Prove that Nis a Carmichael number.
Use this construction to find three Carmichael numbers. (You will need to come
up with a better method than simply trying t= 1,2,3, . . ..)
7. Prove that there are 36 bases for which 91 is a pseudoprime. More generally, show
that if pand 2p1 are both prime numbers, then N=p(2p1) is a pseudoprime
for precisely half of all bases.
8. Let N= 561. Find the number of bases bfor which Nis an Euler pseudoprime.
Show that there are precisely 10 bases for which Nis a strong pseudoprime.
9. Let pbe a prime greater than 5. Prove that N= (4p+ 1)/5 is a composite integer.
Prove that Nis a strong pseudoprime to the base 2.
10. Assume that nis an integer greater than 1 such that Fn= 22n+ 1 is composite
(n= 5, . . .). Prove that Fnis a pseudoprime to the base 2.
11. Prove that if Nhas a factor which is within 4
Nof N, then Fermat factorisation
must work on the first try.
12. Use Fermat factorisation to factor the integers 8633, 809009, and 92296873.
a.j.scholl@dpmms.cam.ac.uk - 1 - 22 November 2017

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