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How to Critically Analyse Psychological Research
Module: Psychology
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University: University of Cambridge
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The University of Newcastle, Australia
How to Critically Analyse Psychological Research
Table of Contents
The Theory.....................................................................................................................................2
The Research Rationale.................................................................................................................2
The Participants..............................................................................................................................2
The Design and Procedure............................................................................................................2
1. Research method..............................................................................................................2
2. Lab vs field research.........................................................................................................2
3. Demand characteristics.....................................................................................................3
4. Experimenter bias.............................................................................................................3
6. Social desirability...............................................................................................................3
7. Validity of the experimental manipulation..........................................................................3
8. Stimulus sampling.............................................................................................................4
9. Reliability and validity of measures of the independent and/or dependent variables.......4
10. Confounding variables in...................................................................................................4
11. Order of items/events........................................................................................................4
The Statistical Analyses..................................................................................................................5
1. Excluded participants........................................................................................................5
2. Missing data......................................................................................................................5
3. Validity and reliability of dependent variables...................................................................5
4. Sufficient statistical power.................................................................................................5
5. Statistical assumptions......................................................................................................6
6. Correct use of inferential statistics....................................................................................6
7. Correct interpretation of analyses.....................................................................................6
8. Alternative analyses..........................................................................................................6
The Discussion...............................................................................................................................6
1. Alternative explanations....................................................................................................6
2. Cause-effect ambiguities...................................................................................................6
3. Third variable.....................................................................................................................7
4. Mediators and moderators................................................................................................7
5. Replication.........................................................................................................................7
6. Interaction or main effect?:................................................................................................7
Place the Research in the Context of Similar Research................................................................8
Suggestions for Future Research...................................................................................................8
Inappropriate Criticisms..................................................................................................................8
1. Criticizing the article rather than the research..................................................................8
2. Ethical criticisms................................................................................................................8
3. Incomplete criticisms.........................................................................................................8
4. Criticisms of the reliability or effectiveness of methodology that produced the predicted
results..........................................................................................................................................9
5. Random allocation of participants to conditions...............................................................9
How Not to Use this Document!...................................................................................................10
Structuring a Critical Review........................................................................................................10
Useful Websites............................................................................................................................11
Background Reading....................................................................................................................11
References...................................................................................................................................12
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