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Thecardiovascular - Cardiovascular Study Guide
Human Anatomy and Physiology II (BIO 202)
Arizona State University
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Cardiovascular System: The Heart – Study Guide
1. List the components of the cardiovascular system- Blood, Heart, Blood Vessels
2. Contrast the pulmonary and systemic circuits- Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the
heart and the lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release
carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart. Systemic circulation moves blood
between the heart and the rest of the body.
Describe the location, size, shape, and position of the heart-
3. Location: thoracic cavity (in the mediastinum), superior to diaphragm, posterior to sternum -Size: of a fist; approx 10 oz. -Position: slightly to the left because liver takes up room on the right
4. Define base and apex of the heart-
Base: broad superior portion Apex: inferior end, tilts to the left, tapers to point
5. Describe the structure and function of the pericardium-
Double walled membranous sac. Anchored to diaphragm & connective tissue. Allows heart to beat without friction, gives it room to expand and resists excessive expansion.
6. Explain the causes and effects of pericarditis and cardiac tamponade-
7. Pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium. Painful friction between the two membranes when the heart beats. Cardiac tamponade: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. Compresses the heart. Interferes with ventricular filling.
8. List and describe the three layers of the heart wall-
Epicardium (visceral pericardium): outer membrane Myocardium: thick muscular layer- fibrous skeleton Endocardium: smooth inner lining
9. List and describe the heart chambers-
Right and left atria: 2 superior chambers Right and left ventricles: 2 inferior chambers
10. Name and describe the heart’s sulci-
Grooves on the outside of the heart that mark boundaries or chambers. Atrioventricular (AV) or coronary sulcus: encircles entire heart and separates atria from ventricles Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci: extend from AV sulcus to the apex of the heart
11. Name and describe the valves of the heart - Atrioventricular (AV) valves: right AV valves (tricuspid)
has 3 cusps, left AV valve (mitral/ bicuspid valve) has 2 cusps Semilunar valves: control flow into great arteries- pulmonary--> from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk, aortic --> from left ventricle into aorta
12. Explain how the heart valves work - AV valves hang open & semilunar valves are closed when the
ventricles are relaxed --> ventricles fill with blood and then contract --> pressure & blood in the ventricles push the AV valves closed (chord tendinae prevent cusps from bulging into the atria) --> the same pressure and blood pushes semilunar valves open --> ventricles relax --> blood flows back down the pulmonary trunk and aort; fills cusps to force semilunar valves closed.
13. Explain how blood is directed to the coronary circulation- Left coronary artery (LCA) --> anterior
interventricular branch --> circumflex branch --> right coronary artery (RCA) --> right marginal branch --> posterior interventricular branch
14. Explain the causes and effects of myocardial infarction-
Heart attack - sudden death of heart tissue. Caused by interruption of blood flow from the narrowing or occlusion of an artery supplying the heart with blood. Usually fat deposits or blood clots are responsible. Lack of O2 --> ischemia If O2 supply not restored --> necrosis 1/2 of all deaths in the US
15. Contrast myocardial infarction and angina pectoris-
myocardial infarction = heart attack angina pectoris = heart pain (temporary and reversible)
16. Describe the pathology, causes, effects and treatments of atherosclerosis-
17. Fatty deposits form in a coronary artery.
Caused by abnormal uptake of plasma lipids (cholesterol) by the cells of the blood vessel. Treatments:
- by-pass surgery: a blood vessel from elsewhere in the body is used to direct blood flow around the area of blockage
- balloon angioplasty: balloon is inflated in the artery to push the fatty deposits up against the blood vessel wall
- laser angioplasty: laser used to destroy fatty deposits
18. Compare the histology of cardiac muscle to that of skeletal muscle-
Cardiac muscle: involuntary; striated. Myocytes, cardiomyocytes or cardiocytes- short, thick, branched cells
with ONE nucleus. Sarcoplasmic reticulum, large T tubules. Admit more Ca2+ from ECF.
19. Describe the significance of intercalated discs, mechanical junctions, and gap junctions-
Intercalated discs- join myocytes end to end
Mechanical junctions (desmosomes)- tightly join myocytes & prevent myocytes from pulling apart during contractions. Electrical (gap) junctions- form channels allowing ions to flow directly from cytoplasm of one cell into the next cell
20. Explain the metabolism of cardiac muscle, including significance of myoglobin & glycogen-
Aerobic respiration; large mitochondria; organic fuels: fatty acids, glucose, ketones; fatigue resistant; can undergo anaerobic fermentation for a short period of time (this does not produce enough ATP to sustain cardiac function); repair of damage to cardiac muscle is almost all fibrosis (scarring). Rich in myoglobin protein: hold oxygen Rich in glycogen: can be broken down into glucose
- Ventricular filling
- Isovolumetric contraction of ventricles
- Ventricular ejection
- Isovolumetric relaxation of ventricles
31. Explain the volume changes in blood during the cardiac cycle-
End-systolic volume (ESV) = 60 ml Passively added to ventricle during atrial diastole = 30 ml Added by atrial systole = 40 ml Total: end-diastolic volume (EDV) = 130 ml Stroke volume (SV) ejected by ventricular systole = -70 ml End-systolic volume (ESV) = 60 ml BOTH VENTRICLES MUST EJECT THE SAME AMOUNT OF BLOOD
32. Describe the effects of unbalanced ventricular output- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
33. Define Cardiac Output (CO)- Amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute, calculate CO using the
equation: CO = HR x SV
34. Explain the significance between heart rate and stroke volume- Your stroke volume is the
amount of blood your heart pumps each time it beats, and your heart rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute
35. Explain cardiac reserve- Difference between CO maximum (during exercise) and resting CO
(heart disease = little or no cardiac output)
36. List average heart rates for infants, young men/women, elderly –
infants: 120 BPM or more young men: 64 to 72 BPM young women: 72 to 80 BPM elderly: rises again
37. Define tachycardia and bradycardia, and list some causes of each-
Tachycardia: persistent, resting adult HR > 100 Bradycardia: persistent, resting adult HR < 60
38. Describe positive and negative chronotropic effects and some examples of each-
Positive chronotropic agents raise HR Negative chronotropic agents lower HR
39. Describe the actions and locations of the cardioaccelerator and cardioinhibitory centers-
Cardioaccelerator center stimulates sympathetic cardiac accelerator nerves to SA node, AV node, and myocardium. Secretes norepinephrine. Cardioinhibitory center stimulates vagus nerves (right vagus nerve - SA node; left vagus nerve - AV node). Secrete ACh (acetylcholine)
40. Describe the actions of chemoreceptors, proprioceptors and baroreceptors-
Chemoreceptors: sensitive blood pH, CO2, and oxygen. Aortic arch, carotid arteries, and medulla oblongata Proprioceptors: inform cardiac center about changes in activity, HR increases before metabolic demands arise Baroreceptors: pressure sensors in aorta and internal carotid arteries send continual stream of signals to cardiac center
41. Explain how preload, contractility and afterload affect stroke volume-
Preload increases, contractility cause stroke volume (SV) increase Increase after load cause decrease SV
42. List some positive and negative inotropic agents-
43. Positive inotropic agents: hypercalcemia, catecholamines, glucagon, digitalis Negative inotropic agents: hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia
44. Explain how exercise affects cardiac output- Effect of proprioceptors: increased HR at beginning of
exercise due to signals from joints, muscles Effect of venous return: muscular activity increases venous return cause increase in SV (increase HR & increase SV cause increase CO) Effect of ventricular hypertrophy: caused by sustained program of exercise. Increase SV allows heart to beat more slowly at rest (40-60 bpm). Increase cardiac reserve, can tolerate more exertion.
Thecardiovascular - Cardiovascular Study Guide
Course: Human Anatomy and Physiology II (BIO 202)
University: Arizona State University
