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Heimler VIDS AP World History Unit 5 Review
World History (WRLD101)
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AP World History Unit 5 Review 5 The Enlightenment ● The Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an intellectual and ideological movement centered in 18th century Europe that advocated the use of reason to reconsider the accepted ideas and social institutions of the time. The Enlightenment thinking occasioned the social and political changes that were necessary for the Industrial Revolution.
- Rejected traditional ways of thinking in favor of the application of logic and reason.
- It was the application of human reason to natural laws. The world was ordered by a set of natural laws, and if we could tap into the wisdom of those natural laws, and apply them to our society, then progress would occur. Previously, reality was understood though religious and given thought. However, the Enlightenment believed that it is only the working of our minds and the understanding of natural laws that will lead us to the truth.
- When philosophers identified a principle to reject, they replaced it by asking important and relevant questions, and answering their own questions through their own experiences, empirical evidence, and the application of reason and logic.
Francis Bacon Empiricism ~ the idea that the nature of reality is discerned through the senses, not through external beliefs such as religion. - Scientific experiments were conducted to determine whether something was true or false.
John Locke - The divine right of kings was a deeply flawed organization of the political hierarchy - Human beings are endowed with natural rights such as life, liberty, and property. These rights are not granted by a king, but by the virtue of a living human being, and therefore humans ought to have the power in a government. - Humans and their governments were in a social contract with each other, meaning if the power of the government is in the hands of the people, the social contract means this: - The people willingly give up some of their power to the government, which is responsible for protecting their natural rights. If the government violates this social contract, the people have the right to overthrow the government. This resulted in the notion of revolution.
Enlightenment principles like the equality of human beings led to the breakup of empires and the proliferation of constitutional governments around the world, and a growing sense of nationalism.
Nationalism ~ a strong identification of a group of people who share an identity or a language.
It led to the spread and enactment of political ideas such as popular sovereignty, individual rights, women9s suffrage, other opportunities for women, and the abolition of slavery.
Economics
Adam Smith - critiqued the mercantilist economies of Europe. - Mercantilism required the heavy involvement of government within the economy. However, Smith argued for laissez-faire economics, meaning <let alone=. - Smith9s economic replacement for mercantilism, namely capitalism, was the idea that the government needed to take their hands off and let things go. If individuals were allowed to make their own economic choices, it would ultimately benefit society.
● Religion Christianity often involves the thought that God is directly responsible for many changes in history, but the Enlightenment led many to doubt this theory and form a new religion.
- Deism was the idea that a God existed which created all living things in the beginning, but He does not intervene in all history. If you want to know God, you need to examine the natural laws.
Conservatives were not in favor of the Enlightenment. - Conservatism ~ a strong belief in tradition and the shunning of ideology in the favor of practical ideas
● Social Implications Many cultures believed that women were incapable of rational thought, but many women found their voices in the midst of the Enlightenment
Mary Wollstonecraft - Wrote <A Vindication of the Rights of Women= in which she argued for women9s education and claimed that women, if given the chance, could succeed in every endeavor which were reserved exclusively for men like politics or professional society.
Seneca Falls Convention - Called to rally for women9s rights and suffrage - Composed the Declaration of Sentiments, which borrowed heavily from the Declaration of Independence, but with key changes that included women. - Women ought to be less dependent on their husbands in terms of property and income
- Even though prominent women wanted to have a voice in the government, the Constitution and its founders denied them a right to vote or participate in the new government.
- Citizens of color, primarily black people, were delegated even less rights. Not only were they denied the right to vote and participate in government, they were legally defined as ⅗ of an individual.
The French Revolution By the 1780s, France was drowning in economic debt caused by war spending. In order to address these problems, King Louis XIV called together the Estates General meeting in 1789 to remodel the tax structure. The Estates-General was the official body that represented the 3 estates of the French population, namely the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. Members of the clergy and landowners were barely taxed at all, while commoners and peasants were taxed beyond their means.
- Even though the majority of the French population was commoners, they still had an equal vote with the clergy and nobility, which only represented around 2% of the population. The commoners quickly realized that this kind of representation was unfair, and broke away and formed their own representative body called the National Assembly.
After hearing of this new National Assembly, King Louis XVI threatened to arrest anyone within this body. As a result, on July 14th, 1789, an angry crowd stormed the Bastille, a prison that in the eyes of the people symbolized monarchical abuse and corruption of the aristocracy. This fervor spread throughout France, inciting peasants countrywide to rise up against their nobles. In response, King Louis XVI was forced to accept a new governmental arrangement that gave significant voice to the National Assembly.
Afterwards, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was written, and was deeply influenced by the American Declaration of Independence, and included protection of natural rights and provided for a limited monarchy.
King Louis XVI fought against the limited monarchy, inciting a period of the French Revolution called the Reign of Terror which culminated in the beheading of the king.
- A group known as the Jacobins, who wanted a constitutional republic, not a monarchy at all, rose to power over France. This time became known as the Reign of Terror because of the use of the guillotine to execute thousands of of French revolutionaries. The queen, king, and the leader of the Jacobins were all executed by the guillotine.
The Haitian Revolution - French plantation owners - Huge population of enslaved Africans working for the plantation owners. After witnessing the French Revolution, the enslaved population of Haiti rose up in revolution against their masters.
In 1791, a Haitian named Toussaint L9ouverture took charge and led the rebellion against the French enslavers. The Haitians actually reigned victorious against the French and established an independent Haitian government. It was the first successful revolution of enslaved people and the first black-led independent nation in the Western Hemisphere.
New Zealand Wars The British annexed New Zealand in 1840 and established dominance over the natives, which were known as the Maori. The Maori were not welcoming of the British, and joined tribes to fight against the British and expel them from their land. But, by 1872, the British had crushed the rebellion and clamped down even tighter on the Maori.
Latin Americas When Europeans introduced themselves into the Americas, it created a new social hierarchy. - Peninsulares (those born in Europe) were at the top. - Creoles were under the Peninsulares, and were European, but born in the Americas.
With the growing awareness of the revolutions throughout the world, as well as the perfusion of Enlightenment thought into their daily lives, the creoles began thinking of revolting themselves. - Many Creoles were extraordinarily wealthy because of their agricultural pursuits, but because of the mercantilist policies from Spain, they were losing a huge chunk of their profits. - They were often passed over for positions of authority, which were summarily reserved for Peninsulares.
Under the leadership of Simon Bolivar, the creoles rose up against Spain. He was extraordinarily successful and gained a huge chunk of territory that he called Gran Colombia. This movement also birthed a new document inspired by Enlightenment thought. - In Bolivar9s Letter from Jamaica, he argued for the necessity of constitutional republics, of natural rights, and for democratic ideals in the governing of the people in Latin America.
Italian Unification Since the fall of Rome many centuries before, the Italian peninsula had been divided into independent and competing states.
➔ The combination of agricultural and farming efficiency advancements resulted in less demand for farmers. As a result, there was mass rural to urban migration. - Legal protection of private property ➔ Enabled entrepreneurs to take risks and build businesses without the fear that the government or other businesses would take what they built - Access to foreign resources ➔ England had access to all the raw materials of their foreign colonies - Accumulation of capital ➔ Because of wealth generated by the African slave trade, British capitalists had accumulated huge amounts of capital. This meant that they had the occasion to invest such capital into new entrepreneurial opportunities. - Advent of the factory system ➔ Factories were able to produce goods in mass. ➔ Richard Arkwright~ invented the water frame in 1769 (a wheel that spun in water) ➔ James Hargraves~ invented the spinning jenny in 1760 (weavers could produce cloth at a much faster rate) ➔ Water frame + spinning jenny = mass textile making machine ➔ Eli Whitney came up with the notion of interchangeable parts, applied to guns. Now the manufacture of goods was focused not on whole products, but on the individual parts of the products. This meant producers no longer had to rely on skilled laborers to produce their goods for sale. The combination of those technologies and new systems of labor birthed the new factory system.
5 The Industrial Revolution Spreads
After the Industrial Revolution was firmly established in Britain, other nations began adapting to industrialization to strengthen their economy.
From Britain, the industrial process spread into Belgium, France, and Germany because they had the same natural advantages that England had to begin with. After that initial spread into the European continent, the Industrial Revolution spread into the United States, Japan, and Russia.
● United States Once industrialization came into the American shores, it wasn9t long before the U became the most significant industrial force in the world.
- The huge waves of European immigrants into the US in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Irish, German) provided a cheap source of labor to factories. Many Americans thought the immigrant presence polluted the American nation.
● Russia
- Industry focused heavily on the building of railroads. In the beginning of the late 10th century, Russia undertook the magnificent feat of constructing the Trans-Siberian Railroad which stretched from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. The main effect of the completion of this railroad was a significant increase in trade with eastern states like China.
- Another focus of the Russian industrial movement was the expansion of the steel industry. By 1900, Russia was the fourth largest producer of steel in the world.
● Japan Japan didn9t industrialize because they thought western manufacturing processes were great, but were more defensive in nature.
The Japanese possessed an ancient culture, of which they were very proud. When they looked at the social, political, and economic changes that came along with industrialization, the Japanese realized that the adoption of industrialization would put their cherished cultural values at risk. However, at the same time, they knew that there was no stopping industrialization. Furthermore, it was becoming clear that the power in the world was gathering around industrialized nations. As a result, Japan decided to borrow western industria techniques in order to make themselves viable in this new world. But, they only did it to keep western powers from coming in and sabotaging their traditions and culture.
● Middle Eastern and Asian Countries Others in the Middle Eastern and Asian nations continued to produce manufactured goods for sale, but not on the scale of the industrialized nations. As a result, their share in global manufacturing declined during this period.
- Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia ➔ Despite a revival of shipbuilding in this region at the end of the 17th century, the increasingly oppressive British rule in India especially meant that shipbuilding went on a severe decline. ➔ One of the main reasons for this was that the British navy took over the Indian Ocean. - Iron works in India ➔ The ground beneath the Indian soil was rich with iron, and they had previously prospered by it. However, because of the steep tariffs imposed by the British, the Indians found it was no longer worth it to mine the iron and engage in any kind of economically meaningful metalwork. ➔ There was an uprising in India against British rule, and the British suspected that much of the iron the Indians were mining was being turned into ammunition. As a
While the first industrial revolution specialized in steam, iron, and textiles, the second industrial revolution majored in steel, gas power, and communications.
Steel - There was mass production of steel, which was much stronger than iron. - Became the building block of the Industrial Revolution because a new process for refining it was introduced. - Bessemer process ~ blast hot iron with air, it gets rid of the impurities, and steel is produced. It gave people the ability to produce steel in massive quantities.
Gas Power - The byproduct of oil. - Oil wells were prominent by the mid 1800s. Once the raw oil was obtained, it could be refined and separated into kerosene and gasoline. - Kerosene was used widely as a way to power lamps in people9s homes, but gasoline was the main benefit of oil extraction. - The internal combustion engine was developed in the late 19th century, and was similar to the steam engine in that it used pistons to turn cranks, but instead of being powered by steam, ignited gasoline pushed the pistons.
Communication - The major developments in the harnessing of electricity during this period contributed to revolutions in communication. - Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1837, and it was capable of sending pulses of electricity in a combination of long and short bursts along electrical wires at a great distance. - Alexander Graham bell invented the telephone in 1876, which further transmitted actual voices.
Overall consequences of both revolutions
- Increase of trade ➔ With new means of transportation, first in the steam engine and later with the internal combustion engine, manufactured goods could be shipped to distant markets far more efficiently.
- New waves of migration ➔ Not only was it easier to travel to different parts of the globe, but it was also easier to communicate with family members that you left behind. Therefore, it
was easier to conceive of moving places distant from your family, which had major social consequences.
5 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750- As industrialization spread, many governments had to choose between holding onto their traditional values or industrialize and go modern.
Ottoman Empire During the 1800s, the Ottoman Empire9s nickname was the <sick man of Europe= because...
- Other powerful European countries like Britain, France, and Russia were surrounding the Ottoman Empire to establish colonial holdings
- As power and wealth began to transition into the industrialized nations, non-industrial nations like the Ottomans began to see their power and wealth decline.
- Had a spring of weak leaders who did nothing to stop or rectify the first two listed.
Muhammed Ali was an Ottoman officer who rose to prominence during a scuttle in Egypt. At this time, Egypt was a part of the Ottoman Empire, but the Ottoman sultan had largely lost control of the region. The local Egyptian leaders named Ali their governor, and because he had the backing of the people, the weakened sultan could do little about it. Under the leadership of Muhammed Ali, Egypt was brought into the Industrial Age. - Oversaw the building of textile factories, arms factories, and shipyards -- an example of state sponsored industrialization.
Japan For about 400 years prior to this period, Japan kept itself isolated because they had developed a rich culture and wanted to protect it from outside influence, particularly industrial influence. They knew that to accept industrialization meant more than factories and trade -- it carried western cultural freight. To accept industrialization was tantamount to accepting western culture.
Western powers began to press Japan to open its borders to trade. In 1853, a naval fleet of American destroyers floated into Japan9s harbors. Commodore Matthew Perry asked Japan to open their doors to trade with the United States, which Japan refused. As a result, Perry intimidated Japan by revealing the United State9s abundance of warships. When Perry returned the following year, Japan opened their borders to trade with the US.
However, Japan decided that they weren9t going to be the victims of western takeover, like they saw happening in China. As a result, they went on the offensive. If they were going to be forced
Corporations Corporations, a descendant of the joint stock company, were on the rise. They worked just like joint stock companies, except they introduced limited liability. - Shareholders shared in the profits of the company, but their liability for the debts of the company was limited. They could only lose the amount of money they originally invested in the company.
Multinational Corporations - The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation established by the British. ➔ After the Opium Wars, British merchants flooded into China in order to establish trade, and decided that they needed a bank to finance their wares. The amount of opium required to get the bulk of the Chinese population under its influence was expensive. ➔ Eventually established branches in many nations, including China and Japan. - The Unilever Corporation established by the British and the Dutch. ➔ Goal was to produce and sell household items, most notably, soap. ➔ Established factories in many different nations in order to manufacture and sell these items, which is still prominent today. Because these multinational corporations were global in scale, they became massively wealthy.
Social Consequences Along with the rise of capitalism and the profusion of manufactured goods on the market, came a rise of consumer culture among the middle classes in many industrialized societies. Standards of living rose, and people had more disposable income to buy a larger array of goods. Companies improved their manufacturing methods and produced mass accumulations of goods. - Advertising Industry
As a result of all these shifts came the rise of a leisure culture. - Because people spent long and dreary days working inside factories, they began to long for escape. This contributed to the popularity of pubs, where people could go after work to socialize and drink away the dreariness of their factory life. As this culture quickly developed, this sparked the first modern reference to the problems of alcoholism. - Bicycles, cock fighting, and spectator sports became popular among the middle class.
5 Reactions to the Industrial Economy from 1750 to 1900 The first manifestation of resistance to industrialization came from the industrial workers themselves.
Factory work was dangerous.
Sickness spread easily.
No safety regulations protecting workers from exposed machinery
Paid next to nothing because the work they offered required no skill, and there was an abundance of unemployed people ready to take your place if you were discontent.
Workers often went home to slums and squalid living conditions, and packed themselves so tightly into these new kinds of living spaces called tenements. Because there was no internal plumbing, and people lived so closely together, disease was rampant.
Resistance Resistance took the form of labor unions. - Labor unions are an organized collective of workers who used their combined voice to bargain for reform. These labor unions did not go unopposed, but they were powerful enough to win five day work weeks, limits on hours, and minimum wage laws. - Labor unions began to push for further societal reform, specifically the franchise (the right to vote). ➔ In Britain, you had to own property to vote, and under the influence of labor unions, this requirement was reduced. By 1918, the franchise was extended to all men regardless of property holding, and extended to women after 10 years. - Child Labor ➔ Factories loved employing children because they were small and could be paid much less than a grown man. ➔ Children developed physical deformities and deadly sicknesses. ➔ In 1843, a law was passed in the United States that made it illegal for children under 10 to work in coal mines. ➔ After these labor laws were passed, parents were in factories, and unemployed children were unsupervised. This contributed to laws regarding mandatory education for children.
Resistance from intellectuals The world has changed since the initial implementation of free market economics. At this point, the free market system had led to the rise of multinational corporations and applications beyond the scope of Smith9s initial idea of free market economics.
Different thinkers began to criticize this idea, and openly offer their own solutions.
- John Stuart Mill was a philosopher who criticized capitalism chiefly because it was a selfish system. In capitalism, everyone is out for their own benefit, and Adam Smith argued that individual people would make decisions good for the whole. However, John Stuart Mill saw that people9s self interest, especially the self interest of the factory owners, was causing an untold amount of harm to the people who were doing the work. So, he offered utilitarianism.
upholding their traditional Confucian values and the power of the Qing dynastic rule, all they wanted was solid ships and powerful weapons. These reforms failed and were abandoned. However, a few years later starting in 1894, the Japanese defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War. As a result, China9s impulse for reform was rekindled, and they put in place the Hundred Days of Reform.
- Under these reforms, they abolished the Civil Service Examination which had been a mainstay in Chinese bureaucracy for millenia.
- Created industrial and commercial systems patterned on Western institutions so that they could compete with western economies.
However, there was still resistance to this reform. Conservative powers like the Empress Dowager Cixi didn9t like the casting off of 2500 years of tradition in the Civil Service Exam, hated the idea of China adopting western technology, and used all her power to resist such reforms. But, after she was made wise to all the corruption that was in the Civil Service Examination, she relented.
The result of all this back and forth is that China, weakened by internal rebellion, accepted total economic domination and servitude from western powers to modernize in exchange for exclusive trading rights in different parts of China.
5 Society in the Industrial Age ● How cities changed With the influx of migrants from rural areas into urban areas, the population of these cities exploded. And because cities weren9t exactly planning for all this new population, they began to add infrastructure . A new kind of living structure emerged during this period known as the tenement. When factory owners saw that their workers needed a place to live, many of them sponsored the building of these tenements. Typically, they were hastily constructed and poorly ventilated. And because factory workers were paid low wages, they packed themselves tightly into these tenements. These close and unsanitary conditions contributed to the spread of disease.
- Cholera was spread through the consumption of contaminated water, and resulted in severe diarrhea and vomiting, sometimes leading to death. In tenements, human waste was either dumped into the streets or cesspools full of it were dumped into or near the water supply. It was not known that the contamination of water contributed to the spread of disease, but eventually industrialized cities began to make efforts to solve sewage and trash problems.
Despite the suffering of the working class, industrialization led to a rise in the standard of living for a lot of people, specifically the growing middle class. Industrialization afforded them more
wealth to purchase consumer goods, and better access to education. As a result, white collar workers emerged from the working middle class. - White collar workers were commonly dressed in suits and white collars, and went to the office and management jobs. At the top of the social hierarchy were the factory owners themselves.
● How families changed Prior to the industrial revolution and urbanization of the population, most people lived on farms. On these farms, the whole family worked together. However, after the Industrial Revolution, everyone in the family still works, but are not working together. Families generally worked long hours in the factory and ate most of their meals with other factory workers.
One of the most significant societal effects of the Industrial Revolution was the fracturing of the family. It wasn9t unusual for working class women to hold down jobs in factories. But in the middle class, a new reality was emerging. Wives of white collar workers typically didn9t have paid jobs at all, but instead stayed home to raise children. This began the rise of the Cult of Domesticity. - The Cult of Domesticity was a way of bestowing dignity upon women because women are doing 8good9 and 8valuable9 work at home. Women are raising children who then can later make meaningful contributions to society. Additionally, it taught that the woman9s main goal was to make the home a haven of rest for her husband who is out in the world doing 8real9 work. - However, there were women who believed that they had a more significant role in the world than simply childbearing. This began the period in which women began raising their voice for their rights. ➔ The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was a gathering of women, in which they produced a document called the Declaration of Sentiments, which borrowed its language heavily from the American Declaration of Independence.
How the environment was affected Because fossil fuels like coal and petroleum were the driving engines of industrialization, there were some serious environmental consequences. Smog, a combination of smoke and fog, was prominent in the city, and choked its inhabitants, causing endless respiratory troubles.
Both human and industrial waste was dumped into rivers, which polluted the water supply. This created the occasion for the spread of diseases like cholera and other kinds of bacterial woes.
Heimler VIDS AP World History Unit 5 Review
Course: World History (WRLD101)
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