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IPM Study Guide for Final 2020

Study Guide for Lecture Final – PLANT 163, 2020 Below are skills, dist...
Course

Integrated Pest Management (PLTH 108)

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Academic year: 2019/2020
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California State University Fresno

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Study Guide for Lecture Final – PLANT 163, 2020 Below are skills, distinctions, comparisons, and topics that you may be tested on.

Biological Control 1 & 2 Know the pest food chains to the extent that you can identify crops, pests, & biocontrol agents

Insect Biocontrol Agents Weed Biocontrol Agents Pathogen Biocontrol Agents

Be able to identify what biocontrol approach is most appropriate to each pest category (animal, pathogen, weed) Competition Biocontrol- WEEDS can be outcompeted by highly competitive smother crops that suppress emerging crops where water is abundant (more common in annual crops where water is abundant) Competition and pathogens- Nutrients in the soil area often insufficient to sustain microbes-limiting access to said nutrients may reduce pathogen outbreaks, they reduce access to roots, rapidly colonizew root systems, eliminating substrate that pathogens may use to establish themselves. --- Competition for rare nutrients- microbes may convert nutrients into inaccessible forms, limiting access to pathogens Antibiosis in pathogens- bacrterial or fungal associates of roots can to restrict pathogens Chaetomium globosum: plant associated mold produces toxins that antagonize Cochliobolus sativus a fungal pathogen of cereals Be able to identify what types of biocontrol different pest types are most susceptible to Explain how density dependence will impact the effectiveness of biocontrol when pest populations change List the advantages and disadvantages of biocontrol in IPM Describe crop characteristics that make them well suited (or ill suited) to biocontrol Be familiar with and able to identify the major types of biological control programs (classical, conservation, augmentation, competition, mycoparasitism, antibiosis). Explain how selective pesticide chemistries and applying pesticides selectively can be used to increase biological control through conservation.

Describe tactics used to manipulate the habitats to provide greater biological control. Explain why weed biocontrol is more common in pastures and rangelands than in plant crop systems. In crop systems there is too much disturbance for NE to establish stable populations, weeds NE’s require weeds to be maintained at low levels to survive, it’s also too slow for agroecosystems (to many weed seeds) Biocontrol used in pastures, forests, rangelands, and aquatic systems where a single weed species is problematic, toxicity to livestock, displace native species STRATEGY: know the weed down with an herbivore, then have natives repopulate the area Describe tactics that can be applied so that weeds and pathogens are outcompeted for limited resources

Guest Speakers Houston Wilson, John Roncorroni, & Kent Daane Be able to provide a short description of Dr. Wilson’s findings in vineyard leafhopper IPM. The genus of the parasitic wasp that Dr. Wilson studied was Anagrus, in one set of Experiments Dr. Wilson planted flowering cover crops between vineyard rows in attempt to attract parasitic wasps to the crop where they would parasitize leafhopper eggs. In another set of the experiments Dr. Wilson looked at the relationship between the amount of natural habitat (undeveloped land) around a vineyard and the early season abundance of parasitic wasps; the relationship was a positive one, as the amount of natural habitat around a vineyard increased the amount of early season parasitic wasps increased as well. He found that the local bushes were important overwintering sites for parasitic wasps. Both blackberry and Coyote Bush were important sites for the wasps Be able to describe John’s research in weed IPM

Be able to provide a short description of Dr. Daane’s findings in vine mealybug and black widow IPM. Managing black widow spiders using a conventional pyrethroid spray, and tha application at night used a tractor pulled sprayer won’t be an efficient approach because black widows can feel vibrations from the trator, and will hide before the spray gets them. Black widows are considered a pest of table grapes because they sometimes hide in the bunches during harvest, and can be shipped to the grocery store, and there have been multiple findings of black widows that have ended up on the news Vine mealybug is an invasive pest of grapevines that was first found in Ca in 19904. Dr. Daane’s team did a genetic analysis to identify the source of the original version. The country California vine mealybug originally come from is Israel Chemical Management (1-3) Be able to explain what is meant by the quote “All substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison.” Only the dosage of the chemical is what makes it poisonous, poisons are chemicals that kill at a low dose Clarify the role of pesticides in IPM. How does IPM recommend pesticides be used? Pesticides are extremely hazardous, but are essential to agricultural production and pest management We can’t reduce the hazard of toxic substance, So we must reduce the risk of exposure as much as possible Insects and pathogens were managed with HPR, cultural, mechanical, and biocontrol tools (could only go back if growers excepted a lower yield and damage), weeds were managed manually- nearly impossible to go back because not enough people to do the labor and too much would be lost, pesticides have become indispensable tools Pesticides are suited to systems where: 1) control must be fast acting, 2) multiple pests in the same category occur; multiple pests that can be managed with one chemical, 3) No other management tactics are available, 4) when there is little knowledge of the pest’s biology; can go from being an invasive pest, new crops, understudied systems, 5) cultural practices exclude other management tools What is the relationship between the California Environmental Quality Act, pesticides, and PCAs?

1. What tools are used to reduce pesticide use? 2. What can be done to make pesticides more selective? Introduced in a way that reduces the chances of non-targets encountering the chemistry, it’s only availbne to target pests: baits, systemics, directed spraying Compare and contrast acute and chronic toxicity, and how we test for them. Acute toxicity- the adverse effects of a substance resulting from either a single exposure or multiple exposures in short period of time – symptoms appear quickly and are obvious---- use threshold limit value (TLV), NOEL, and LD50, Chronic toxicity- adverse effects as result of long term exposure (months/years) to a toxicant or other stressor--- often at low levels/concentrations, symptoms appear slowly over years, may not be clearly related to the toxin, basically looking at people who use the chemical and seeing if there is an usually high incidence of disease Explain some of the ways non-targets can come into contact with pesticides. Volatilization: highly volatile pesticides vaporize at low temps, these vapors can move offsite and contact non- targets Understand how changes in wind, humidity and temperature can influence the volatility of a compound. Chem structure and environmental factors effect volatility in the field; highly volatile organic chemicals whose vapor interacts with sunlight to produce nitrogen oxides (these can lead to rain acidification and ozone formation, ozone produces smog and is a respiratory irritant High wind, high temp and low humidity tend to increase drift, (airborne movement of pesticides away from treatment site during application) Inversion layers Describe the major legislative documents that regulate worker safety around pesticides (FIFRA and the California Code of Regulations) FIFRA governs pesticide safety through Worker protection standards (WPS) amendment – it sets standards for basic workplace protections for example: Prohibits application of pesticides in ways that cause exposure; establishes REIS for all agricultural pesticides based on toxicity, requires PPE during mixing and application; all employees must be notified of application within ¼ mile; Mandates pesticides safety training, requires soap, water and towels to be available; workers must be given access to MSDS and pesticide label info California Code of regulations- laws regulating worker protection, similar to WPS, but sometimes more restrictive: they mandate all pesticide applications have a written recommendation justifying their use; 100% of pesticide applications be reported; these pesticide use reports are filed monthly What is a pesticide use report? When do you have to file it? Reporting the pesticide that is being used All pesticides that are applied should be reported: pesticide reports are filed monthly Be familiar with the types of information that are listed on a pesticide label. Be able to locate relevant information on a pesticide label. including: location, date & time, applicator info, pesticide applied, crop applied to, acres treated, application method Can find on the label through: producer name and address; restricted use statement; ingredient list, signal word, storage and disposal rules; environmental hazards; directions for use in all approved settings Be familiar with how pesticides enter the air, and the tactics used to reduce air pollution. Volatilization; to avoid you can apply at night: less heat, lower wind, and higher humidity; applying under tarps; using soil incorporation techniques Drift; use application techniques that produce larger drops; decrease spray pressure to increase drop size; release pesticides as close to the crop a possible; don’t spray when wind >7 mph; use buffer zones to protect sensitive areas

Dust particles can be carried by wind; minimize by avoiding dust formulations and incorporate pesticides into soil by irrigation or mechanically Be able to explain how the persistence, soil adsorption, and water solubility of a pesticide can contribute to its ability to contaminate both ground and surface water. Persistence- the longer the pesticide’s half-life the further it can move before breaking down Soil adsorption- tendency of pesticide to bind to soil Low adsorption- increases leaching of the chemical through soil High adsorption can cause pesticides to enter water via sediment Water solubility- ability of pesticides to dissolve into water Highly soluble pesticides (>100 ppm) likely to leach through soil Low solubility pesticides (<1ppm) remain near the surface Know the common routes of surface and ground water contamination, as well as the techniques used to limit contamination. Surface water: typically through drift or runoff and its by accident; Contamination risk is greatest around precipitation or irrigation events that cause runoff Pesticides are either dissolved in the water or adhere to the sediment Overflow from irrigation of treated fields is problematic To avoid surface water contamination: avoid applying pesticides before precipitation events; retain contaminated irrigation water until the label recommended release date; maintain buffer strips of vegetation between fields and surface water Groundwater: most contamination via direct entry or leaching through soil; direct entry includes cracks, abandoned wells, irrigation systems without backflow protection, spills near wells; leaching: fast leaching pesticides are pulled down with water, are not well filtered by soil Avoid contamination; avoid known groundwater contaminators; avoid irrigation after application; in sandy soils avoid leachable pesticides Compare and contrast point source and non-point source pollution. Non-point source pollution: Pesticides can enter through normal application in field where only a small amount enters groundwater from any one location Point source pollution: entered by mishandling, improper disposal, poor storage facilities, large quantities enter from small defined locations (these are easier to find and point out) What does it mean that soil is a reservoir? Soil acts as a reservoir for pesticides, holding them until they enter other parts of the environment Be able to list and briefly describe the ways that pesticides breakdown in the environment. Transformation occurs breaking down the chemicals into various degradation products Hydrolysis: chem reaction w/ water- results in smaller more water-soluble segments Photodegradation: breakdown by light- occurs for only few pesticides Oxidation reduction: involves transfer of electrons and may be chemically or biologically mediated; it requires two chemicals: oxidizer that donates the electron(s) and a reducer that gains the electron(s) Microbial degradation- microbes in soil digest pesticides using enzymes; best in moist, warm, well aerated soils wehre microbes thrive Know the 4 major areas of the body where humans are exposed to pesticides.

Describe in words & pictures how area-wide control works in relation to fields and pest refuges.

Know the 3 components that all AW systems must have (public participation, few free riders, and clear benefits to growers). Be able to explain why these are each important, and what could happen if they are not followed. AW control only works if: 1) Garner public participation: support is usually weak, Support is weak from misinformation or lack of awareness, public info efforts may be needed to garner support, if no one participates no control can be implemented If AW isn’t implemented carefully and with public support it can generate mistrust and outrage: once large portion of public is outraged the program becomes political, nearly impossible to generate support 2) address free riders: all growers/residents work or pay a small amount to suppress pest populations over a wide area; Dangerous because they: 1) directly provide refuge habitat for the past 2) discourage other stakeholders from participating 2) provide clear benefits to growers: can avoid free riders if there are clear benefits that encourage growers to get onboard sometimes the benefits of pest control are enough; government subsidies, regulations, or tax penalties are often used to encourage growers to participate Genetic Control What is a GMO? Be able to describe the disadvantages of GMOs from a practical IPM perspective. Genetically modified organism GM crops face hurdles: heavily regulated, expensive to produce, difficult to treat resistance, negative public perception Bt expressing- resistant to insect feeding

Roundup ready- resistant to glyphosate Be able to describe how RNAi works silence gene expression, and how it could be applied to pest management. RNAi is a defensive mechanism to protect against RNA viruses Viruses reproduce by hijacking the cell’s own replication proteins

  1. Viral RNA/DNA injected into a cell
  2. Viral RNA is translated to protein by the cell a. Transcription makes new copies of viral RNA
  3. New proteins/RNA combine to form viruses
  4. New viruses rupture the cell membrane to search for new hosts RNAi protects the cell from viruses
    1. The enzyme dicer binds viral RNA and cuts it into small interfering RNAa (siRNA)
    2. Dicer grabs a siRNA and binds other proteins for form the RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
    3. RISC searches the cell for RNA
    4. Chops up any RNA that matches
    5. Stops viral reproduction Be familiar with the enzyme Dicer and RISC

Discuss the pros and cons of RNAi, and where it could fit in an IPM program.  Pro’s o Highly targeted siRNA match pest sequence o Highly effective when working o Reversible (can be stopped if problems arise) o Could be used against any multicellular organism

 Cons o RNAi could impact non-target species

Growers get stuck on the “treadmill” Compare and contrast hazard and risk. - Hazard - anything that can cause harm or adverse effect --- the inherent danger of a product - Chemicals, electricity, sharp edges, heights, etc. - Risk - the chance or probability that person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard--- chance of injury - Also includes harm to the environment or equipment Risk increases as hazard and exposure increased - using less hazardous tactics will reduce risk - Parathion is inherently more toxic than bifenthrin, avoid parathion - reducing our exposure to hazardous compounds is probably the easiest way to avoid risk - Preventative control reduces pest populations, and need for sprays - Only spraying when pests are at threshold cuts down on sprays - Wearing PPE when applying pesticides reduces personal risk Know the 4 factors that must be present for an organism to be a pest (Pest, Environment, Crop, & Time). 1. The pest must be present in the destructive life stage 2. The environments must meet the needs of the pest 3. The crop must be susceptible to the pest & in suscept. growth stage 4. Enough time for pest populations to reach damaging levels What does CEQA stand for, and why does it have such a significant impact on pest management in the state of California? California environmental quality act Explain what carrying capacity is and how it alters population growth. Compare and contrast density dependent with density independent factors effecting population growth. Be able to distinguish between the two. Be able to describe the importance of monitoring in an IPM program. What is the goal of cultural management? Be able to describe the advantages and shortcomings of HPR crops

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IPM Study Guide for Final 2020

Course: Integrated Pest Management (PLTH 108)

9 Documents
Students shared 9 documents in this course

University: California State University Fresno

Was this document helpful?
Study Guide for Lecture Final – PLANT 163, 2020
Below are skills, distinctions, comparisons, and topics that you may be tested on.
Biological Control 1 & 2
Know the pest food chains to the extent that you can identify crops, pests, & biocontrol agents
Insect Biocontrol Agents Weed Biocontrol Agents Pathogen Biocontrol Agents
Be able to identify what biocontrol approach is most appropriate to each
pest category (animal, pathogen, weed)
Competition Biocontrol- WEEDS can be outcompeted by highly competitive smother crops that suppress emerging
crops where water is abundant (more common in annual crops where water is abundant)
Competition and pathogens- Nutrients in the soil area often insufficient to sustain microbes-limiting access to said
nutrients may reduce pathogen outbreaks, they reduce access to roots, rapidly colonizew root systems, eliminating
substrate that pathogens may use to establish themselves. --- Competition for rare nutrients- microbes may convert
nutrients into inaccessible forms, limiting access to pathogens
Antibiosis in pathogens- bacrterial or fungal associates of roots can to restrict pathogens
Chaetomium globosum: plant associated mold produces toxins that antagonize Cochliobolus sativus a
fungal pathogen of cereals
Be able to identify what types of biocontrol different pest types are most susceptible to
Explain how density dependence will impact the effectiveness of biocontrol when pest populations change
List the advantages and disadvantages of biocontrol in IPM
Describe crop characteristics that make them well suited (or ill suited) to biocontrol
Be familiar with and able to identify the major types of biological control programs (classical, conservation,
augmentation, competition, mycoparasitism, antibiosis).
Explain how selective pesticide chemistries and applying pesticides selectively can be used to increase biological
control through conservation.

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