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CNS - notes for anatomy and physio

notes for anatomy and physio
Course

Anatomy and Physiology (BIOL-424 )

12 Documents
Students shared 12 documents in this course
University

Chaffey College

Academic year: 2019/2020
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM II

Embryonic Stages " Proencephalon çTelencephalon--->Cerebrum/hemisphere: left & right corpus callusum: helps the hemispheres to communicate with each other White matter # çDiencephalon--->thalamus: integration center, processing center # Hypothalamus: regulation of heart rate (HR) , reg. of BP, reg. of temperature, stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release hormones, stimulate the posterior pituitary to release certain stored hormones Epithalamus: the pineal gland is "derived" from the epithalamus # Cerebellem: sensory & motor fxns #

" Mesencephalon --->midbrain -relay center # Brainstem: pons

" Rhombencephalon --->Metecephalon: brainstem: medulla oblongata # Myelencephalon

Cerebrum Protective membranous called meninges " 1. Dura Mater: outer layer---vascular " 2. Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer: avascular " Choroid plexus: secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): vascular # 3. Pia Mater: Inner layer "

4 Lobes of the Brain

  1. Frontal -
  2. Parietal- 2
  3. Occipital- 1
  4. Temporal (small) -
  5. Insula

**Corpus Callosum holds right & left hemisphere together

Brain= 3 lbs "

Brocal's area: speech Werniker's area: understanding of speech & written language

**For test: know 4 parts of brain & its fxns !!! **layers of meninges (location) **4 lobes **ventricles (loc) **fissures and what they bind

4 Parts of The Brain

  1. Cerebrum: made up of two hemispheres
  2. Diencephalon: composed of thalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland) & hypothalamus
  3. Brain Stem: composed of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata-CVR**
  4. Cerebellum: coordination & muscular activity

Post-central Gyrus " çSensory Fxns Pre-central gyrus " çMotor fxns

Brain Regions & Organization

Gray Matter: short, nonmylelinated neurons and cell bodies " White Matter: myelinated axons " çBasic pattern found in CNS: central cavity surrounded by gray matter w/ white matter external to gray matter

Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) and cerebellum contain outer layer of gray matter called the cortex " Brain stem has additional gray matter nuclei scattered within white matter "

Brain is protected by: skull " Spinal chord protected by: vertebral column "

Meninges (meninx): 3 layers of protective membranes are also present around both structures 1. Dura Mater " çConsisted of two layers of nee and outer fibrous layer çThe gap between these layers=dural sinus çDural sinus contains blood vessels that eventually drain into jugular vein 2. Arachnoid Mater " çMiddle layer 3. Pia Mater " çLayer that sticks to the brain surface çSpace between arachnoid mater and pia mater known as subarachnoid space

Cerebrospinal Fluid CSF: " çfluid found around the brain and spinal cord Function: " çProtection/cushioning of nervous system çTransport nutrients and chemicals Production: " ç Choroid Plexus : cluster of capillaries and cells associated with ventricles responsible for production and maintenance of CSF çCells are called ependymal cells çEpendymal cells use ion pumps to control composition of CSF and help cleanse CSF by removing wastes çCilia of ependymal cells help to keep CSF in motion Normal adult CSF volume of 150ml is replaced every 8 hrs # Locations for CSF: " ç1. Subarachnoid space ç2. Four interconnecting chambers of the ventricles ç3. Cavity within spinal cord called central canal

Ventricles Four fluid-filled chambers that are continuous to one another and continue to central canal of spinal cord " 1. Lateral Ventricles " çPair of ventricles are separated by membranous septum pellucidim 2. Third Ventricle " çConnected to lateral ventricle by interventricular foramen 3. Cerebral aqueduct " 4. Fourth Ventricle " çFourth ventricle continues down the spinal cord as central canal çFourth ventricle is also connected to subarachnoid space

Cerebrum/Cerebral hemisphere Form the superior part of the brain & accounts for 83% of brain mass " Center to receive, integrate, and eventually communicate voluntary motor responses " Surface markings: " çGyri: ridges çSulci: shallow grooves çFissures: deep grooves çLongitudinal fissure: separates cerebrum to right and left hemispheres

8 Main Areas:

  1. Primary Somatosensory Cortex A. LOC: postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe B. Receives general sensory info from skin, skeletal muscle, joints and tendons C. send to association cortex to interpret data
  2. Somatosensory association cortex A. LOC: posterior to primary somatosensory cortex B. Integrates sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding object C. Determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects felt
  3. Visual cortex A. LOC: extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe B. Receives visual info from retina Visual association: uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, or movement) EX: C. ability to recognize faces D. See, retina, process info
  4. Auditory areas: hearing A. Primary auditory cortex: interprets info from inner ear as pitch, loudness and location a. LOC:Superior margin of temporal lobes B. Auditory association areas: stores memories of sounds and permits perception of sound stimuli a. LOC: Posterior to primary auditory cortex
  5. Olfactory cortex A. LOC: medial aspect of temporal love B. Involved in conscious awareness of odors (smell)
  6. Vestibular cortex: A. LOC: Posterior part of insula and adjacent parietal cortex B. Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of head in space)
  7. Gustatory cortex: taste A. LOC: in insula just deep to temporal lobe B. Perception of taste
  8. Visceral area: sensation in the abdomen A. LOC: posterior to gustatory cortex B. Conscious perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach or full bladder)

CEREBRAL CORTEX

Functional Area of Cerebral Cortex: Motor Areas Located: frontal lobe (motor areas act to control voluntary movement) Motor areas include:

  1. Primary motor cortex in precentral gyrus
  2. Premotor cortex anterior to precentral gyrus
  3. Broca's area anterior to inferior premotor area
  4. Frontal eye field within and anterior to premotor cortex, superior to Brocas area

Functional Area of Cerebral Cortex: Association areas Receives info form association area & perform higher-level anylitical functions " Uses the info of association areas to reason and plan actions " Give us the power of reasoning, critical thinking, formulation appropriate behavior " Working memory of object recall, multi-tasking "

Association areas are always posterior to primary somatosensory

Multimodal association areas: Receives inputs from multiple sensory areas " Allows us to give meaning to info recieved, store in memory, tie to previous experience & decide on actions " Sensations, thoughts, emotions, become conscious: makes us who we are " Broadly divided into 3 parts: " çInclude: 1. Anterior association area #

AKA prefrontal cortex " MOST complicated cortical region " Involved w/ intellect, cognition, recall, and personality " Development depends on feedback from social env. " " Clinical appl.- tumors or lesions of the anterior association area may cause mental and peroslayt disorder --including loss of: judgement, attentiveness, and inhibitions çEx: individual booming careless about appearance or take risks 2. Posterior association area # Large region in temporal, parietal & occipital lobes " Recognizing patterns and faces " Involved in understanding written and spoken language (wernickes area) " 3. Limbic association area # Part of limbic system " Provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us & helps establish memories "

Lateralization of Cortical Functioning Lateralization: division of labor between hemispheres " çHemispheres are not identical Cerebral Dominance: refers to hemisphere that is dominant for language " ç90% of humans have left-sided dominance çUsually results in right-handedness çIn other 10%, roles of hemispheres are reversed Left hemisphere " çControls language, math & logic Right hemisphere " çVisual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills

Infundibulum connects brocas and winercke's area

Limbic association area= in insula Provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and helps establish memories "

Cerebral White Matter 3 basic regions of cerebral hemispheres " Responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between cortex and lower CNS " Consists of myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts " Classified according to direction they run: " çAssociation fibers: Horizantal running fibers that connect diû parts of the same hemisphere # çCommissural fibers: Horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres # çProjection fibers: vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

Diencephalon:

Thalamus 80% of diencephalon " Surrounds the 3rd ventricle " Receives signals from all sensory systems except smells " It receives signals, integrates the signals, & sends it to the correct region of cerebral cortex "

Hypothalumus LOC: below thalamus " Contains many important nuclei such as: " çMamillary bodies: paired structure that act as olfactory relay stations çInfundibulum: stalk that connects to pituitary gland çRelay station for olfactory pathways çControls of visceral system

çPrimary respiratory center: control rate and depth of breathing çControl vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing Cranial Nerves: " çVIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Cerebellum LOC: " çdorsal to pons and medulla oblongata Structures: " çTwo cerebellar hemispheres w/ 3 lobes ç1. Anterior lobes ç2. Posterior lobes ç3. Flocculondular lobe Vermis : connects the 2 hemispheres " Folia : folded ridges on the surface of cerebellum " Arbor vitae : tree like pattern of white matter "

Receives messages from eyes, ears, joints, muscles, about the position of body parts " Also receives messages from motor output from cerebral cortex where parts should be " Sends message to skeletal muscles to help maintain posture & balance " Ensure all muscles work together to allow for smooth motions " Play a role in balance "

MEMORY

Two stages of declarative memory storage " Short term: " çTemporary holding of info çLimited to 7 or 8 pieces of info Long term memory: " çHas limitless capacity Factors aûecting transfer from STM to LTM " ç1. Emotional state ç2. Rehearsal ç3. Association ç4. Autonomic memory " Anterograde amnesia: consolidated memories are not lost, but new inputs are not associated with old ones (loss of recent memories) Memory of conversations from just 5 minutes before would not be remembered " " Retrograde amnesia: çLoss of memories formed in the distant past

Brain Waves Measurement of synaptic activity rather than action potential of white matter " Electroencephalograph (EEG) "

  1. Alpha waves: A. Regular & rhythmic, low-amplitude, synchronous waves indicating an "idling" brain
  2. Beta waves A. Rhythmic, less regular waves occurring when mentally alert & awake
  3. Theta waves A. Higher frequency B. Common in children
  4. Delta waves: A. High amplitude, low frequency happen during deep sleep or suppressed reticular activity suppressed B. (I. anesthesia) (in awake adults they indicate brain damage) CLINICAL APPL.- Epileptic seizure: torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons " çPrevent any other messages from getting through

Epilepsy is not associated with intectual impairments " Epilespy occurs in 1% of population " çGenetic factors play a role, but brain injury, stroke, infections or tumors can also be causes

Blood Brain Barrier Purpose: " çMany hormones and amino acids concentration is continuously changing in other parts of body çMany act as neurotransmitters-->could lead to unnecessary firing Presence of BBB: " çTight junctions around blood capillaries çLimitation on molecules that can pass the barrier çFor most case must be small & hydrophobic (fat-related) EX: O2 and CO2; specific hormone produced & secreted by brain # Absence of BBB: " çAreas such hypothalamus çCheck for water, temp. & metabolic activity --> producing appropriate response

Brain Injuries

Subdural Hemorrhage Bleeding from a ruptured vessel into intracranial space " Causes compression of brain tissue " " Person is originally lucid-->blood accumulates-->loss of speech--> conscious --> loss of control (BP heart rate & respiration)

Cerebrovascular Accident (stroke) Blood circulation to an area of brain is blocked or limited leading to death of brain tissue " Causes paralysis of the opposite site of the body sensory deficits & loss of speech "

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CNS - notes for anatomy and physio

Course: Anatomy and Physiology (BIOL-424 )

12 Documents
Students shared 12 documents in this course

University: Chaffey College

Was this document helpful?
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM II!
!
Embryonic Stages!
Proencephalon "
Telencephalon--->Cerebrum/hemisphere: left & right *corpus callusum: helps the hemispheres to
ç
communicate with each other!
White matter !#
Diencephalon--->thalamus: integration center, processing center* !
ç
Hypothalamus: regulation of heart rate (HR) , reg. of BP, reg. of temperature, stimulate the #
anterior pituitary gland to release hormones, stimulate the posterior pituitary to release
certain stored hormones !
Epithalamus: the pineal gland is "derived" from the epithalamus !#
Cerebellem: sensory & motor fxns !#
!
Mesencephalon--->midbrain -relay center !
"
Brainstem: pons !
#
!
Rhombencephalon--->Metecephalon: brainstem: medulla oblongata !
"
Myelencephalon !
#
!
Cerebrum!
Protective membranous called meninges !"
1. Dura Mater: outer layer---vascular!"
2. Arachnoid Mater: Middle layer: avascular !"
Choroid plexus: secretes cerebrospinal ßuid (CSF): vascular !#
3. Pia Mater: Inner layer !"
!
4 Lobes of the Brain !
Frontal -1!1.
Parietal- 2!2.
Occipital- 1!3.
Temporal (small) -2!4.
Insula !5.
!
**Corpus Callosum holds right & left hemisphere together !
!
Brain= 3 lbs !"
!
Brocal's area: speech !
Werniker's area: understanding of speech & written language !
!
**For test: know 4 parts of brain & its fxns !!!!
**layers of meninges (location) !
**4 lobes !
**ventricles (loc)!
**Þssures and what they bind !
!
4 Parts of The Brain !
Cerebrum: made up of two hemispheres !1.
Diencephalon: composed of thalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland) & hypothalamus !2.
Brain Stem: composed of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata-CVR**!3.
Cerebellum: coordination & muscular activity !4.
!
Post-central Gyrus !"
Sensory Fxns !
ç
Pre-central gyrus !"
Motor fxns !
ç
!
Brain Regions & Organization !

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