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Natural Disasters Notes

Notes from Natural Disasters
Course

Natural Disasters (GEOL 1110)

3 Documents
Students shared 3 documents in this course
Academic year: 2017/2018
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Brianna Walker
Columbus State University
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Natural Disasters

Natural disasters occur when and where the Earth’s natural processes concentrate and they release energy. ● Earth’s Internal Heat - Original heat and radioactive decay ○ Constantly flowing outward towards the Earth’s surface ■ Volcano eruptions, earthquakes (short time span) ■ Over geologic time ● Formation of continents ● Oceans ● Atmosphere ● Sun’s Energy ○ Only 25% reaches the Earth ○ Evaporates and elevates water into the atmosphere ● Earth’s Gravity ○ Constant force towards equilibrium ■ Pulls water out of atmosphere as snow and rain ○ Powers most erosional processes ■ Rivers ■ Streams ■ Glaciers ● Earth’s Crust - Oxygen (46%), Silicon (28%), and Aluminum (8%) = >74% of the crust ● Whole Earth - Iron (35%), Oxygen (30%), and Silicon (15%) = >80% of the Earth Earth’s Internal Layers Physical vs. Chemical

● Earth’s Internal Structure

○ The Crust – the outer layer of rock that forms a thin skin on Earth’s surface ○ The Mantle – a thick shell of dense rock ■ 2900 km or 1800 miles ○ The Core – the metallic central zone of the Earth ■ Inner core (1220 km or 760 miles) ■ Outer core (2250 km or 1400 miles) How is Earth’s interior studied? Seismic Waves ● Deep interior of the Earth must be studied indirectly ● Geophysics – the branch of geology that studies the interior of the Earth ○ Direct access only to crustal rocks and small upper mantle fragments ● Seismic waves - vibrations from a large earthquake that will pass through the entire Earth ○ Radiates from the focus of an earthquake

● Seismic reflection – the return of some waves to the surface after bouncing off a rock layer boundary ○ A sharp boundary between two materials of different densities will reflect seismic waves ● Seismic refraction – bending of seismic waves as they pass from one material to another having different seismic wave velocities ●

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Natural Disasters Notes

Course: Natural Disasters (GEOL 1110)

3 Documents
Students shared 3 documents in this course

University: Columbus State University

Was this document helpful?
Natural Disasters
Natural disasters occur when and where the Earth’s natural processes concentrate and
they release energy.
● Earth’s Internal Heat - Original heat and radioactive decay
○ Constantly flowing outward towards the Earth’s surface
■ Volcano eruptions, earthquakes (short time span)
■ Over geologic time
● Formation of continents
● Oceans
● Atmosphere
● Sun’s Energy
○ Only 25% reaches the Earth
○ Evaporates and elevates water into the atmosphere
● Earth’s Gravity
○ Constant force towards equilibrium
■ Pulls water out of atmosphere as snow and rain
○ Powers most erosional processes
■ Rivers
■ Streams
■ Glaciers
● Earth’s Crust - Oxygen (46%), Silicon (28%), and Aluminum (8%) = >74% of the
crust
● Whole Earth - Iron (35%), Oxygen (30%), and Silicon (15%) = >80% of the Earth
Earth’s Internal Layers
Physical vs. Chemical
● Earth’s Internal Structure

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