- Information
- AI Chat
NUR 252 SI worksheet Elimination
Human Pathophysiology (NUR 252)
Creighton University
Recommended for you
Preview text
Elimination – SI Worksheet
_______________________ is the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass that usually occurs with aging.
__________________________ is a condition of too little protein in the blood; the normal range for albumin in a healthy adult is _________ – 5 g/dL
___________________________ is the failure of the chemical processes of digestion that take place in the intestines
Review the physiology with this picture:
_______________________ is the lack of a desire to eat despite physiologic stimuli that would normally produce hunger; this may occur as a side effect to drugs or as a result of disease process a. Symptoms may include nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
Vomiting ( ___________________ ) is the forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth a. Stimuli – severe ___________ , distention of the stomach, presence of ipecac or copper salts, __________ , motion b. Usually preceded by __________________ (subjective experience associated with pain and labyrinthine stimulation) and retching
c. Spontaneous vomiting not preceded by nausea or retching is called _______________________ _______________________ ; it is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by _________________________ lesions (e., increased intracranial pressure, tumors, or aneurysms) involving the brain stem or can be a symptom of
gastrointestinal obstruction (pyloric stenosis) d. Symptoms include tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, increased gastric motility e. May cause a metabolic _______________________ , hyponatremia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia 7. _______________________ is difficult or infrequent defecation a. Affected by activity, diet, and drugs! i. _______________________ activity, __________ residue diet, ___________________ , antacids, anticholinergics, and _____________ all could cause decreased motility/bowel movements b. Primary constipation can be: i. Normal transit: normal rate of passage but ____________________________ issue ii. Slow transit: _______________________ ___________________ activity so defecation is infrequent and difficult; there is distention iii. Pelvic floor dysfunction: inability or difficulty expelling because the pelvic floor _______________________ or _________________________ do not work c. __________________________ constipation could be due to _________________________ disorders like strokes and Parkinson’s that cause altered neural pathways to the colon d. Indicators of constipation: i. ___________________________ with defecation at least 25% of the time ii. Lumpy or ____________ stools at least 25% of the time iii. Sensation of __________________________ emptying at least 25% of the time iv. Manual maneuvers to facilitate stool evacuation for at least 25% of the time v. __________ than _____________ bowel movements per week e. Fecal ______________________________ may occur and be manifested by bleeding, abdominal cramping and pain, and nausea and vomiting
- __________________________ is the increase in frequency of defecation and in the fluid content and volume of stools a. Types: i. Large Volume: increased _______________________ 1. Due to _______________________ _______________________ and/or secretions in the intestines; may be caused specifically by: a. Bacteria like E. coli or C. diff b. Viruses like _______________________ ii. __________________ Volume: volume not changed
- Often a result of inflammation of the intestine associated with _______________________ ______________ or _____________________
- Also results from fecal impaction b. Three Major Mechanisms i. _______________________ : a non-absorbable substance in the intestine that draws excess water into the intestine and increases stool weight and volume, producing large volume stool 1. Specific Causes:
b. Manifestations: i. _______________________ ii. _______________________ iii. _______________________ iv. Upper abdominal pain within 1 hour of eating v. Worse symptoms when laying down c. In _______________________ , gastroesophageal reflux is _______________________ because the gastroesophageal sphincter is not fully developed; they should grow out of this but we call it GERD once there have been complications such as bleeding, dysphagia, or failure to thrive i. Concerned about _______________________ pneumonia ii. May see a chronic ___________________ , wheezing, esophagitis, and pain iii. Evaluate with a ________ probe and treat with small, frequent feedings and _______________________ 11. _______________________ _________________________ is the narrowing or blocking of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum a. May be congenital b. Could be caused by _____________________________ the causes inflammation, edema, spasms, fibrosis, and scarring ____________________________ i. Manifestations: epigastric fullness and weight loss 12. ________________________________ ____________________ _________________________ is caused by hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter; this may lead to hypertrophy of the stomach muscles a. Manifestations: ______________________________ _______________________ after having fed well, constipation, fluid and electrolyte imbalances b. Treatment: pyloromyotomy
- Intestinal ____________________________ is caused by any condition that prevents the normal flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen of the small or large intestine
- __________________________ ________________ is a functional obstruction in which there is failure of intestinal motility a. Often occurs after abdominal surgery as a result of inflammatory mediators and the influence of exogenous (meperidine) and endogenous ___________________ (endorphins)
- Lactose ____________________________ is due to a _______________________ ___________________________ ; there is an inability to break lactose (milk sugar) into monosaccharides
a. Lactose is __________ __________________________ or absorbed so it remains in the intestine, where bacterial fermentation causes _________________ to form b. Manifestations: _______________________ , _______________________ , diarrhea, and flatulence
__________________ Disease is an ______________________________ disease that damages the epithelium of the small intestinal when there is ingestion of gluten (barely, wheat, oats, rye) a. There is ______________ and flattening of _____________ that leads to _____________________________ of nutrients b. Damage to the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum exacerbates malabsorption c. Manifestations: diarrhea, ___________________ to ________________ , anemia, stools are pale, bulky, greasy and foul smelling, anorexia, electrolytes deficiency
____________________ _________________ ________________________ (IBS) is a functional GI disorder without specific structural or biochemical alterations a. Manifestations: i. Lower abdominal ____________________________ ii. _______________________ predominant, or alternating diarrhea/constipation b. Evaluation – based upon s/s; may include endoscopy, CT or abdominal u/s c. Treatment: ______ ______________ for IBS but we can give laxatives and fiber
________________________ is an increase in body fat mass and a metabolic disorder where the BMI exceeds _______ a. Associated with Cushing’s syndrome, ________________________ ________________ ________________________ (PCOS), and ____________________________ b. ____________________ is a product of the obesity gene and expressed primarily by adipocytes; it acts on the hypothalamus to _______________________ appetite and functions to regulate body weight within a fairly normal range c. _________________ __________________________ occurs when there are increased adipocytes, which lead to increased levels of leptin; this disrupts hypothalamic satiety and promotes _____________________________ , and excessive weight ___________ i. Associated with ____________________ _______________________ and the cardiovascular complications of obesity d. Manifestations: i. _______________________ obesity – occurs when the distribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and upper body ii. __________________________ obesity – occurs when the distribution not fat is extra-peritoneal and distributed around the thighs and buttocks e. Evaluation – CT, MRI, underwater weighing, skinfold thickness i. BMI and waist-to- hip ratios are most commonly used because they are the easiest to measure f. Treatment – diet and exercise, psychotherapy, behavioral modifications, medication and weight loss therapy
NUR 252 SI worksheet Elimination
Course: Human Pathophysiology (NUR 252)
University: Creighton University
