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Unit 7 - AP Psych notes

AP Psych notes
Course

AP Psychology (PYSC 1000)

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brainfartUNIT #1AP PSYCH

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Unit 7 Study Guide

MOTIVATION

GeneralInstinct Theory o Motivation comes from inborn automated behaviors o Problem: instincts only explain why we do small a fraction of our behaviors  Drive reduction Theory o Motivation comes from biological needs o Desire to maintain homeostasis o Need ➱ Drive ➱ Drive-reducing behavior  Arousal Theory o Motivation to seek optimum level of arousal o Yerkes-Dodson Law: no stress & too much stress = inefficient performance (we don’t want to be overwhelmed nor underwhelmed, we just want to be whelmed) (measures performance & arousal)  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs o Abraham Maslow said we’re motivated by needs & all needs are not equal o Lower level needs need to be satisfied first o

o Highest level is self-transcendence (if it doesn’t say, then self-actualization is it)

Hunger  Biological basis of hunger o Hunger doesn’t come from the stomach o It comes from our brain, specifically the hypothalamus  Hypothalamus o Lateral hypothalamus  Stimulation = makes you hungry  Damage to it makes you feel full for the rest of your life o Ventromedial hypothalamus  Stimulation = makes you feel full

 Damage to it makes you feel hungry for the rest of your life  Set-point Theory o Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat o Wants to maintain stable weight o Dieting activates lateral hypothalamus o Gaining weight activates ventromedial hypothalamus  Psychological aspects of hunger o Internal = stomach growling o External = something looks or smells appetizing, so you become hungry o The Garcia Effect (taste aversion)  Bulimia Nervosa : binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of it)  Anorexia Nervosa o Starving themselves to below 85% of their normal weight o See themselves as fat o Many affected people are women  Binge-eating disorder o Eating large quantities o Can lead to obesity (being so overweight to the point where it causes health issues) o Mostly eating habits but some people are prone to obesity

Sexual Motivation  Kinsey’s studies o Made confidential interviews with 18,000 people in 1950s o Studied sexual behavior in males and females o Made scale of sexuality  0-6, 0 being exclusively heterosexual and 6 being exclusively homosexual (7 is asexual)  Masters and Johnson Study o William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore physiology of sex in 1960s o 382 females and 312 males were used in the experiments o They made an institute that was meant to turn gay people straight o Made Sexual Response Cycle  Initial excitement  Plateau phase  Orgasm  Resolution with refractory period  Psychological factor in sexual motivation: we’re all external when it comes to sex (we see someone and determine if we’re attracted to them)  Sexual orientation : an ENDURING sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own gender or of the other gender

EMOTION

Emotion : mix of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, consciously experienced thoughts, and feelings  James-Lange Theory of Emotion o We feel emotion b/c of biological changes caused by stress o The body changes and our minds then recognize the feeling o BODY AND THEN MIND (physiological response, then experienced emotion)  Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion o Completely disagree with James-Lange Theory o The physiological change & cognitive awareness must occur AT THE SAME TIME o They believed it was the thalamus that helped it happen o BODY AND MIND AT SAME TIME (physiological response & experienced emotion are separate/it’s not causational)  Two-Factor/Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion o Explained emotions more completely than the other 2 theories o COGNITIVE LABELLING o Biology and cognition interact w/ each other to increase the experience o BODY + COGNITIVE LABEL, THEN MIND (physiological response & conscious interpretation/label, then emotion)  Common Sense Theory of Emotion o You think you’re feeling an emotion, so you physically react according to the emotion o MIND AND THEN BODY (emotion & then physiological response)  Autonomic nervous system mobilizes body for action & calms it when the crisis passes  Sympathetic division of ANS directs adrenal glands to release stress hormones adrenaline & noradrenaline  Positive moods & thoughts = LEFT frontal lobe (has rich supply of dopamine receptors)  Nucleus accumbens : lights up when people experience natural or drug-induced pleasures  Robert Zajonc said we actually have many emotional reactions apart from our interpretations of a situation  Polygraphs detect arousal (changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and sweat that accompany emotion)  Catharsis : emotional release (let it all out)  Feel-food, do-good phenomenon : feeling happy makes you help people out  Adaptation-level phenomenon : tendency to judge various stimuli relative to those we have previously experienced (ex. getting a raise & getting used to your raise)  Relative deprivation : perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself (seeing everyone else getting pay raises & feeling bad about it)  Behavioral medicine : integrates behavioral & medical knowledge to apply it to health & disease knowledge  Health psychology : provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

StressStress : process by which we perceive & response to certain events (stressors) that we appraise as threatening or challenging  Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)Life Changing Units (LCUs) : marriage, job change, etc.  More LCUs = higher SRRS score  Higher SRRS scores = more likely to have stress-related diseases  Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome (response to stressful events) o Alarm o Resistance o Exhaustion (MAKES YOU PRONE TO GETTING SICK)  Psychophysiological illness : stress-related physical illness  Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) : study of how psychological, neural, & endocrine processes together affect the immune system & resulting health  Lymphocytes : the 2 types of white blood cells o B lymphocytes  Form in bone marrow  Release antibodies to fight bacterial infections o T lymphocytes  Form in thymus & other lymphatic tissue  Attack cancer cells, viruses, & foreign substances  Secretion of stress hormones = less lymphocytes  Coping : alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods  Problem-focused coping : changing stressor or the way we interact with stressor  Emotion-focused coping : avoiding or ignoring stressor & attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress reaction  Aerobic exercise increases heart & lung fitness; can reduce stress, depression, & anxiety  Biofeedback systems allow for people to monitor their subtle physiological responses

o You’re usually unaware that they’re even happening

 Different defense mechanisms o Repression : pushing thoughts into our unconscious  Explains why we don’t remember our Oedipus & Electra Complexes, according to Freud o Denial : not accepting the ego-threatening truth o Displacement :  Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object  Often displaced on less threatening objects o Projection : believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself o Reaction formation :  Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels  Cooties stage of Freud’s Latent Development o Regression :  Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior  Sleeping with a stuffed animal o Rationalization :  Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome  “I didn’t even want to go out with you anyways, you’re too ugly” o Intellectualization : undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic o Sublimation : channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal (sometimes a healthy defense mechanism)  Criticisms of Freud: o Only studied wealthy women in Austria o His results aren’t empirically verifiable (aka, you can’t really test them) o No predictive power (you don’t know what defense mechanism someone’s going to use) o Karen Horney said he was a sexist piece of trash because of his “penis envy” concept (a girl feeling jealous of a dude’s pp) o She made up the “womb envy”, meaning that men were jealous of women because of the bond they had with their kids  Neo-Freudians’ Psychodynamic Theories o Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development o Carl Jung and his concept of the “personal” and “collective” unconscious o Collective unconscious : reservoir of images derived from species’ universal experiences & is believed to explain why people in different cultures are share myths & images (like mother = symbol of nurturance) o Alfred Adler & his ideas of superiority and inferiority o Adler also talked about birth order & how it played a part in personality (if you’re the youngest, middle, oldest, or only child)  Psychoanalysis today o Couch sitting in movies (“Interesting, and how did that make you feel?”) o Transference is likely to happen

o Main goal is to get into your unconscious, pull out manifest content (storyline), and talk about latent content (meaning behind manifest content)

 Getting into the unconscious o Hypnosis o Dream interpretation o Free association : having them randomly talk to themselves & then interpreting conversation o Projective tests delve into the unconscious (TAT and Inkblot)  Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) o Giving subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several meanings) & ask them what’s happening o Their answers reveal the manifest content & they can then discover the latent content  Rorschach Inkblot Test o The most widely used projective test o A set of 10 inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they’re asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots  Terror-management theory : theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional & behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Trait Theories of Personality  They believe that we can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main traits  Traits like laziness and ambition are thought to be stable over the course of our lives  Nomothetic (Big 5) Theory o The same traits can be used to describe all personalities o McCrae and Costa o Introversion-Extroversion Scale o The five traits that all personalities have: OCEAN  Openness to experience (creative, curious, & willing to try new things)  Conscientiousness (hardworking, responsible, & organized)  Extraversion (outgoing & sociable)  Agreeableness (easy to get along with)  Neuroticism (consistency of mood) o Factor analysis is used to see clusters & scores on these tests  Idiographic theorists : o Using same set of traits to classify everyone is impossible o Each person may have a few traits that are unique to them (selfish may be important to describe one person but not another) o Gordon Allport  Cardinal traits : most dominant  Central traits : general characteristics that shape & influence behavior  Secondary traits : traits only seen occasionally o Hans Eysenck  Found that behavior could be represented by 2 dimensions

External locus of control = something outside of you controls your fate (God or something)  External locus of control leads to learned helplessness (giving up & not changing because you think that you can’t help make your situation better)  Self-serving bias : readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Assessing Personality  Most common way to assess personality = self-report inventories  MMPI = Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory  Test must be reliable (same results if repeated) & valid (measures what it says to measure)

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Unit 7 - AP Psych notes

Course: AP Psychology (PYSC 1000)

9 Documents
Students shared 9 documents in this course

University: McFatter Technical College

Was this document helpful?
Unit 7 Study Guide
MOTIVATION
General
Instinct Theory
oMotivation comes from inborn automated behaviors
oProblem: instincts only explain why we do small a fraction of our behaviors
Drive reduction Theory
oMotivation comes from biological needs
oDesire to maintain homeostasis
oNeed ➱ Drive ➱ Drive-reducing behavior
Arousal Theory
oMotivation to seek optimum level of arousal
oYerkes-Dodson Law: no stress & too much stress = inefficient performance (we
don’t want to be overwhelmed nor underwhelmed, we just want to be whelmed)
(measures performance & arousal)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
oAbraham Maslow said we’re motivated by needs & all needs are not equal
oLower level needs need to be satisfied first
o
oHighest level is self-transcendence (if it doesn’t say, then self-actualization is it)
Hunger
Biological basis of hunger
oHunger doesn’t come from the stomach
oIt comes from our brain, specifically the hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
oLateral hypothalamus
Stimulation = makes you hungry
Damage to it makes you feel full for the rest of your life
oVentromedial hypothalamus
Stimulation = makes you feel full

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