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Network Theory Tutorial

Introduction To Psychology
Course

Introduction To Psychology (PSYCH 110)

431 Documents
Students shared 431 documents in this course
Academic year: 2022/2023
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Network Theory Tutorial

Historical lines of development: Anthropological / Social Psychological Anthropological: interested in the functioning of larger units (communities, org. villages, total societies,...) English and American strand (Homans) -> Network Theory Social Psychology: interested in cognitive & social psychological processes in small groups

exchange theory o Introduction by example: COLOR-RADO Exchange Platform Antecedents Psychological Behaviorism

  • Stimulus-response theory: Assumption that response can be fully explained by a law-like relationship to the stimulus without the need to invoke mental (cognitive) processes.
  • Skinner box: Experimental cage for studying learning processes in animals, e. lever leads to food; in addition, lamp - only when lamp is lit, operation of lever leads to food.
  • Ivan P. Pavlov: Experiments with dogs o A stimulus that previously always occurred together with another stimulus can elicit the same response even when the previous reward no longer occurs: bell + food.
  • Transferability to humans? o Higher cognitive abilities, emotional, social and cultural forces influence behavior. Sociological Antecedents
  • Sociological theory has been largely a critique and reaction to
  • utilitarian approaches and behaviorism
  • Georg Simmel (1858-1918): Philosophy of money o What influence does money have on social relations and social structure? o Value is idiosyncratic and depends on individual needs, but these are determined by cultural and social factors as well as the scarcity of the good. o Goods that one does not possess appear to be more valuable. o An exchange will only take place if both parties value the good more highly than the one they do not yet possess. o The more liquid an actor's resources are (applicable to multiple forms of exchange), the more options and power the actor has. Social Anthropology Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942): Kula Ring o Exchange network in the Tobriander Islands: valuable bracelets and necklaces were exchanged by islanders as host gifts in a ring that encompassed an extensive archipelago. o Not only material, but also symbolic exchange

Sociological Theories of Exchange George C. Homans (1910-1989) ("emphasizes psychological laws").

  • Basic statement: laws of behavioral economics and behavioral psychology (behaviorism) as a basis for sociological laws
  • Exchange based on psychological laws (psychological reductionism)
  • Goals of individual behavior o Achieving rewards o Avoidance of punishment
  • Social interaction always social exchange ("not only material, also prestige/esteem")

Homan's hypotheses of social behavior (propositions) Principles of social behavior

  1. success hypothesis (see Skinner box) The more often an action is rewarded, the more likely it is to be performed.
  2. stimulus-response hypothesis (Pavlov's dog) o If a reward is associated with a certain stimulus, the more similar the given stimulus is to the previous one, the more likely the action will be performed.
  3. value hypothesis o The more valuable the outcome of an action, the more likely the action will be performed.
  4. deprivation-saturation hypothesis o The more often a reward has been received, the less valuable it will be in the future.
  5. frustration-aggression hypothesis. o When an action is not followed by the expected reward, the person becomes angry/aggressive. Peter Blau's Exchange Theory Peter M. Blau (1918-2002) ("goes more into macro phenomena / emergence of social structures").
  • Blau also started with elementary processes and then described more differentiated institutional processes. Principles of exchange o Rationality: Actions depending on expected rewards. o Possible rewards: Tangible (e. money) or intangible (e. social recognition). o Also power created by social exchange o The norm of reciprocity leads to the beginning of interactions and makes them continue ("What reciprocity is expected and to what extent? Not a direct exchange, but a generalized norm of reciprocity.") o Justice: Aggression arises when norms of justice are violated. Exchange systems (Peter Blau) ("move to the macro level"). o Groups differentiate when members have different amounts of resources and derived reciprocal expectations of others. ("What exchange systems emerge in groups/societies?"). o It examines how power, authority, and contradiction are established through social exchange processes. o Power differentials in social groups lead to integration (legitimate power, shared values) on the one hand, and to contradiction and conflict (when norms of justice are violated) on the other.
  • Blue transfers micro-level processes to the macro-level.
  • Foundations of macrosociological theory of social structures
  • At macro level: importance of shared values in macrostructural exchange
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Network Theory Tutorial

Course: Introduction To Psychology (PSYCH 110)

431 Documents
Students shared 431 documents in this course

University: Northwestern University

Was this document helpful?
Network Theory Tutorial
Historical lines of development: Anthropological / Social Psychological
Anthropological: interested in the functioning of larger units (communities, org. villages, total
societies,...) English and American strand (Homans) -> Network Theory
Social Psychology: interested in cognitive & social psychological processes in small groups
exchange theory
o Introduction by example: COLOR-RADO Exchange Platform
Antecedents
Psychological Behaviorism
- Stimulus-response theory: Assumption that response can be fully explained by a law-like
relationship to the stimulus without the need to invoke mental (cognitive) processes.
- Skinner box: Experimental cage for studying learning processes in animals, e.g. lever leads
to food; in addition, lamp - only when lamp is lit, operation of lever leads to food.
- Ivan P. Pavlov: Experiments with dogs
o A stimulus that previously always occurred together with another stimulus can elicit the
same response even when the previous reward no longer occurs: bell + food.
- Transferability to humans?
o Higher cognitive abilities, emotional, social and cultural forces influence behavior.
Sociological Antecedents
- Sociological theory has been largely a critique and reaction to
- utilitarian approaches and behaviorism
- Georg Simmel (1858-1918): Philosophy of money
o What influence does money have on social relations and social structure?
o Value is idiosyncratic and depends on individual needs, but these are determined by
cultural and social factors as well as the scarcity of the good.
o Goods that one does not possess appear to be more valuable.
o An exchange will only take place if both parties value the good more highly than the one
they do not yet possess.
o The more liquid an actor's resources are (applicable to multiple forms of exchange), the
more options and power the actor has.
Social Anthropology
Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942): Kula Ring
o Exchange network in the Tobriander Islands: valuable bracelets and necklaces were
exchanged by islanders as host gifts in a ring that encompassed an extensive archipelago.
o Not only material, but also symbolic exchange
Sociological Theories of Exchange
George C. Homans (1910-1989) ("emphasizes psychological laws").
- Basic statement: laws of behavioral economics and behavioral psychology (behaviorism) as
a basis for sociological laws
- Exchange based on psychological laws (psychological reductionism)
- Goals of individual behavior
o Achieving rewards
o Avoidance of punishment
- Social interaction always social exchange ("not only material, also prestige/esteem")

Students also viewed

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