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Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
Anatomy and Physiology (BI2024)
Pittsburg State University
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Terminology a. Homeo- i. Same (homeostasis) b. Meta- i. Change (metabolism) c. -tomy- i. Cutting (anatomy)
- In Class Notes a. Levels of organization i. Atoms 1. C, H, O, N, etc. ii. Molecule/Compound
- H2O, O2, CO2, etc.
- Carbohydrates, protein, lipids iii. Cells
- Neurons, osteocytes, erythrocytes, etc. iv. Tissues
- Epithelial, muscle, connective nervous v. Organs
- Heart, brain, liver, kidney, etc. vi. Organ systems
- Cardiovascular system, skeletal system, and Respiratory system b. Characteristics of life i. Movement ii. Responsiveness iii. Reproduction and growth iv. Respiration v. Digestion vi. Absorption vii. Circulation viii. Assimilation (metabolism) ix. Excretion c. Maintenance of life i. Water 1. 50-60% of body weight ii. Nutrients
- Carbon dioxide, lipids, proteins
iii. Oxygen 1. C6H12O6+O2 —> CO2+H2O+ATP iv. Heat v. Pressure
- Atmospheric
- Hydrostatic d. Homeostasis i. Maintenance of a stable internal environment
- Body temperature 98/37C
- Heart rate 75 bpm
- Body Pressure 120/80 mgHg
- Respiratory rate 15 resp/min
- Blood glucose 100 mg/dl ii. The blood communicates through neural and hormonal control systems.
- Receptor a. Resounds to changes in the environment (stimuli). b. Sends information to control center
- Control center a. Determines set point b. Analyzes information c. Determines appreopriate response
- Eector a. Provides a means for response to the stimulus e. Feedback mechanisms i. Negative feedback
- Shuts o the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity ii. Positive feedback
- Increases the original stimulus to push the variable further
- Occurs in blood clotting and labor f. Relative Positions i. Body cavities
- Dorsal a. Cranial (Brain) b. Vertebral canal (spinal)
- Ventral a. Thoracic (heart, lungs) i. Mediastinum, pericardial, pleural
iii. The function of a body part depends on the way it is constructed c. Levels of organization
The body is composed of parts with dierent levels of complexity. i. Matter is composed of atoms ii. Atoms join to form molecules iii. Organelles are built of groups of large molecules (macromolecules) iv. Cells, which contain organelles, are the basic units of structure and function that form the body. v. Cells are organized into tissues vi. Tissues are organized into organs vii. Organs that function closely together compose organ systems viii. Organ systems constitute the organism. ix. Beginning at the atomic level, these levels of organization dier in complexity from one level to the next. d. Characteristics of life i. These characteristics include:
Growth- increase in cell number and body size
Reproduction- production of new cells and organisms.
Responsiveness- reaction to internal and external changes
Movement- change in body position, or the motion of internal organs
Metabolism- all the chemical reactions in living systems e. Maintenance of life The structures and function of body parts maintain the life of the organism. i. Environmental requirements to maintain life
Chemicals : Water is used in many metabolic processes, provides the environment for metabolic reactions, and carries substances. Other chemicals include oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.
Heat is a product of metabolic reactions and helps govern the rates of these reactions.
Pressure is an application of force to something. In humans, atmospheric and hydrostatic pressures help breathing and blood movements, respectively. ii. Homeostasis
If an organism is to survive, the conditions within its body fluids, its internal environment, must remain relatively stable.
Maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis.
Homeostasis mechanisms help regulate body temperature and blood pressure. N
Homeostatic mechanisms act through negative feedback. f. Organization of the human body i. Body cavities ii. The axial portion of the body includes the cranial cavity, the vertebral canal, the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. The appendicular portion includes the upper and lower limbs. iii. The organs in a body cavity are called viscera. iv. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. v. The mediastinum forms a boundary between the right and left sides of the thoracic cavity. vi. Body cavities in the head include the oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities. g. Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranes i. Thoracic membranes
Pleural membranes line the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and cover each lung (visceral pleura).
Pericardial membranes surround the heart (parietal pericardium) and cover its surface (visceral pericardium).
The pleural and pericardial cavities are the potential spaces between the respective parietal and visceral membranes. ii. Abdominopelvic membranes
Peritoneal membranes line the abdominopelvic cavity (parietal peritoneum) and cover the organs inside (visceral peritoneum).
iv. Transport 1. Cardiovascular system a. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, which pumps blood, and the blood vessels, which carry blood to and from body parts. b. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes. 2. Lymphatic system a. The lymphatic system is composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the thymus, and the spleen. b. It transports lymph fluid from tissues to the bloodstream, carries certain fatty substances away from the digestive organs, and aids in defending the body against disease-causing agents. v. Absorption and excretion
- Digestive system a. The digestive system receives foods, breaks down food molecules into nutrients that can pass through cell membranes, the eliminates, and materials that are not absorbed. b. It includes the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine and large intestine. c. Some digestive organs produce hormones.
- Respiratory system a. The respiratory system takes in and sends out air and exchanges gasses between the air and blood. b. It includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
- Urinary system a. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. b. It filters wastes from the blood and helps maintain water and electrolyte concentrations and the acidity of the internal environment. vi. Reproduction
a. The reproductive system produces new organisms. b. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis, which produce, maintain, and transport male sex cells (sperm cells). c. The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva, which produce, maintain, and transport female sex cells (oocytes). i. Anatomical Terminology i. Relative positions
- These terms describe the location of one part with respect to another part. ii. Body sections
- Body sections are planes along which the body may be cut to observe the relative location and organization of internal parts. iii. Body regions
- Special terms designate various body regions.
- Study Guide a. Axillary i. Armpit b. Cervical i. Neck c. Dorsal i. Back d. Popliteal i. Back of Knee e. Cephalic i. Head f. Acromial i. Shoulder g. Inguinal i. Groin h. Sural i. Calf i. Thoracic i. Chest j. Cubical
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
Course: Anatomy and Physiology (BI2024)
University: Pittsburg State University
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