- Information
- AI Chat
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2
Anatomy and Physiology (BI2024)
Pittsburg State University
Related Studylists
Anatomy Physiology Chapter 2Preview text
Chapter 2
Chemical Basis of Life
Things on the test a. Element - pure substance i. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc... b. Atom - smallest unit of an element i. Proton+ ii. Neutron iii. Electron- c. Molecule - combination of two or more atoms i. H2O, NaCl d. Ion - charged particle (gain or loss of electrons) i. H+, Na+, Cl-
In class notes a. Chemical Bonds i. Ionic - 1. Gain or loss of electrons results in attraction ii. Covalent -
Sharing of electrons iii. Polar Covalent -
Unequal sharing of electrons b. Organic Compounds i. Carbohydrates 1. Subunits = simple sugar 2. Polymers = polysaccharides 3. Functions a. Energy and structure ii. Lipids
Subunits = glycerol and fatty acids
Polymers = Triglycerides, phospholipids
Functions a. Long-term energy, structure iii. Protein
Subunits = amino acids
Polymers = polypeptides, proteins
Functions a. Structure b. Enzyme function iv. Nucleic acids
Subunits = nucleotides
Polymers = DNA, RNA
Function a. Energy (ATP) b. Genetic Information
Book Summary a. Introduction i. Chemistry describes the composition of substances and how chemicals react with each other. The human body is composed of chemicals. b. Fundamentals of Chemistry i. Elements and atoms 1. Matter is composed of elements 2. Some elements occur in pure form, but many are found combined with other elements. 3. Elements are composed of atoms, which are the smallest complete units of elements. 4. Atoms of dierent elements have characteristic sizes, weights, and ways of interacting. ii. Atomic structure
An atom consists of one or more electrons surrounding a nucleus, which contains one or more protons and usually one or more neutrons.
Electrons are negatively charged, protons are positively charged, and neutrons are uncharged.
An atom is electrically neutral.
If an atom gains or loses electrons, it becomes charged and is called an ion.
An element’s atomic number is equal to the number of protons in each atom. The atomic weight is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in each atom.
Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but dierent atomic weights.
Some isotopes are radioactive. c. Bonding of Atoms i. When atoms form chemical bonds, they gain, lose, or share electrons. ii. Electrons occupy shells around a nucleus iii. Atoms with completely filled outer shells are inert, but atoms with incompletely filled outer shells tend to gain, lose, or share electrons and thus achieve stable structures. iv. Atoms that lose electrons become positively charged ions. Atoms that gain electrons become negatively charged ions. v. Ions with opposite electrical charges attract and form ionic bonds. Atoms that share electrons form covalent bonds. vi. A polar covalently bonded molecule has an uneven distribution of charges. vii. The attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule is called a hydrogen bond.
Oxygen releases energy from glucose and other nutrients. This energy drives metabolism.
Carbon dioxide is produced when metabolism releases energy.
Salts provide a variety of ions that metabolic processes require. ii. Organic substances
Carbohydrates provide much of the energy that cells require and also contribute to cell structures. Their basic building blocks are simple sugar molecules.
Lipids, such as triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids, supply energy and build cell parts. The basic building blocks of triglycerides are molecules of glycerol and fatty acids.
Proteins serve as structural materials, energy sources, hormones, cell surface receptors, and enzymes. a. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. b. Proteins vary in the numbers, types, and sequences of their amino acids. c. Primary structure is the amino acid sequence. Secondary structures comes from attractions between amino acids that are close together in the primary structure. Tertiary structure reflects attractions of far-apart amino acids and folds the molecule. d. The amino acid chain of a protein molecule folds into a complex shape (conformation) that is maintained largely by hydrogen bonds. e. Excessive heat, radiation, electricity, altered pH, or various chemicals can denature proteins.
Nucleic acids are the genetic material and control cellular activities. a. Nucleic acid molecules are composed of nucleotides. b. The two types of nucleic acids are RNA and DNA. c. DNA molecules store information that cell parts use to construct specific protein molecules. RNA molecules play a role in the reactions of protein synthesis.
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2
Course: Anatomy and Physiology (BI2024)
University: Pittsburg State University
