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Conditioning and Learning
Conditioning and Learning Notes
Course
Psychology (PSYC 101)
109 Documents
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Queensborough Community College
Academic year: 2021/2022
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Conditioning and learning
Overview:
In this module, you will learn about:
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Cognitive Learning
- Observational Learning
- Describe the processes of classical and operant
conditioning
Associative and cognitive learning
Learning: key terms
Classical conditioning: Examples
What is learning?
→ Learning: relatively permanent change behavior due to experience
→ Does not include temporary changes due to disease , maturation ,injury , or drugs since these do not quality as learning
Response
→ Response: Any identifiable behavior
Internal: Faster heartbeat
- Observable: Eating , scratching
Antecedents
→Antecedents: Events that precede a response
Consequences
→ consequences: Effects that follow a response
→ Reinforcer : increase behavior → Punisher: decrease behavior
sound of a dentist's drill : sweaty palms
sight of significant other: smiling
- smell of a certain beverage: nausea
Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery
(Initial phase of learning)
- we can divide conditioning into 3 main phases (Acquisition , Extinction , and spontaneous recovery)
- Learning involves a change in behavior due to experience Acquisition : The initial phase of learning in which a response is established
- In classical conditioning , acquisition is the phase in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. i) In Pavlov 's experiment , the conditioned salivary response was acquired through numberous tone- food pairings
- A critical part of acquisition is the predictability with which the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus occur together. i ) In Pavlov 's experiment , conditioning wouldn't occur , or was weak , when the tone and food were paired inconsistently
- In the laboratory , as well as the real world , the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus do not always occur together which can lead to extinction. Extinction : the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together. i) For example , presenting the dogs with only the tone and no food should lead to less and less of a salivary response. a) However, even after extinction occurs , it is possible for the conditioned response to return
- spontaneous Recovery : the reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response , typically after some time has passed since extinction
Stimulus generalization and discrimination
Classical Conditioning: conditioned emotional response
- Spontaneous recovery suggests that extinction does not result in forgetting but in learning something else or just learning not to respond.
- The dogs in Pavlov 's experiment salivated in response to tone similar to the one originally used Generalization: is a process in which a response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to different, thought similar stimulus. itHowever, Pavlov 's dogs didn't salivate to every noise they heard
- Discrimination : occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus.
- Discrimination would mean that the dogs would only salivate in response to the original stimulus . Avoidence learning
- conditioned emotional response Phobias → Little Albert
- Biological preparedness Contrapreparedness → Easy to develop a snake phobia →Hard to develop a car door phobia
Processes of operant conditioning
Primary and secondary reinforcers
→ Animals learn to expect that a certain response will have a certain effect
####### 1) Contingent means a consequence depends upon an action
is For example ,
earning good grades is contingent upon studying
####### 2)The consequences of a behavior can be either reinforcing or
punishing
Reinforcement
Punishment
Distinguishing types of reinforcement and punishment
- The main structure related to reward salience is the nucleus accumbens , which is related to dopamine
- Reinforcers can come in basic forms (ex : food , water, Shelther, etc) or in forms that we learn have value Lex: money , good grades , etc) it For example, an infant would not care too much about a $ 1000 check , except maybe to eat it
- Primary Reinforcers: consist of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs LEX : food, water, shelter, sex)
- secondary Reinforcers: has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (Ex: money , gold stars , poker chips) Positive reinforcement →Positive reinforcement : when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event that increases responding Negative reinforcement → Negative reinforcement : when a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event that increases responding Ends discomfort → Example : the bells in Fannie 's car stop when she puts the seatbelt on
- Any event that follows a response with an aversive consequence and decreases the likelihood of it recurring
- Example : a spanking
- Response cost : Reinforcer or positive thing is removed
- Example: losing Xbox privileges Positive punishment → Any event that follows a response with an aversive consequence and decreases the likelihood of it
####### recurring
####### Negative punishment
→ Reinforcer or positive state of affairs is → Time outs
Using punishment wisely
Comparison of classical and operant conditioning
Timing of reinforcement
- punishment : Lowers theprobability that a response will occur again
- Punisher : Any consequence that reduces thefrequency of a target behavior keys to effective Punishment
####### → Timing , consistency , and intensity
- severe punishment: Intense punishment , capable of suppressing a response for a long period
- Mild punishment : weak punishment, usually slows responses temporarily
- Avoid harsh punishment
- Use the minimum punishment necessary
- Apply punishment during or immediately after misbehavior
- Be consistent
- Using counter conditioning
- Expect anger from a punished person
- Punish with kindness and respect
- operant reinforcement most effective when given immediately after a correct response
- Effectiveness of reinforcement is inversely related to time elapsed after correct response occurs Response chaining → A linked series of actions that leads to reinforcement
Operant extinction
Cognitive learning
Modeling
- when I earned responses that are NOT reinforced gradually fade away
- If reinforced is withheld a second time, behavior will extinguish again, but more quickly
- spontaneous recovery , which isn't forgetting but to learn to not respond combining reinforcement extinction → Effective to control negative attention seeking → using misbehavior to gain attention
- Negative Attention seeking : Using misbehavior to gain attention
Cognitive learning: Higher - level learning involving thinking , knowing ,
####### understanding , and anticipating
- latent
####### learning : occurs without obvious reinforcement and is not
demonstrated until reinforcementis provided
- cognitive maps: Internal representation of an area
####### Rote learning v discovery learning
→Rote learning: Takes place mechanically , through repetition and memorization, or by learning a set of rules → Discovery learning : Based on insight and understanding - A type of social learning that is going to be very important is going to be modeling or observational
learning SAME gender
####### Modeling or observational learning were more likely
####### → Albert Bandura created modeling theory with classic Bobo doll Cinflatable clown) experiments to imitate each
####### →Occurs by watching and imitating actions of another person or by noting consequences of aperson's actions Other
→ Occurs before direct practice is allowed → Model : someone who serves as an example
####### Imitating dolls
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Conditioning and Learning
Course: Psychology (PSYC 101)
109 Documents
Students shared 109 documents in this course
University: Queensborough Community College
Was this document helpful?
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