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Psych 5
Psychology (PSYC 101)
Queensborough Community College
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Memory
Encoding: - Process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory - Transformation - Change happens in retina - 1st part of "saving" a memory Storage: - Information saved for future use - "Maintenance" Retrieval: - Recovery of stored information - Bringing the information back Fundamental Process: - Taking in, storing and using information How does information enter memory?
Information first goes into sensory memory, to short term, to long term. - Sight (iconic - Sound (echoic_ - Other sensory memories
Memory: the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information.
Sensory memory: - the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant - Exact replica of what we see or heard - "snapshot" memory
Short-term memory: also known as, working memory because to keep information in working memory you have to work with the information, give it attention, because once you stop working with it you're most likely going to lose it. - memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds - Stores information according to meaning not as simply sensory information - Short-term memory capacity - -7+2 items ◦ Items can be chunked - Chunks ▪ Meaningful groups ▪ Words, numbers ▪ Can vary in size
Long-term memory: memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve - Unlimited capacity, last a lifetime. - Memories differ - Well-organized ◦ Procedural memories - Memory for skills, how-to-do memories, also known as muscle memory - Once you learn, they're difficult to forget - They're require little cognitive effort to remember them - Implicit memories -out-of-conscious memory ◦ Declarative memory - Memory of factual information: names, faces, dates, and the like. - Easy to demonstrate - Explicit memories- within conscious awareness ▪ Sematic memory
- Old memories
- Bring break
- Re-energize
"Nice linear relationship" -- human memory is well-organized and structured
Retrieval Bring back memories
Easier for recognition - Cue is present Harder for recall - No cue is present
Remembering what a person looks like can be difficult but it is relatively easy to chose a friends photo from a collection.
Retrieval is influenced by the initial level of processing - The more deeper you process something, the easier it is to bring back. - Amount of initial processing is related to how much information is remembered - When information is processed deeply, memory will be very good ◦ Studying information over a period of days before a test - When information is processed in a shallow manner, memory will not be good ◦ Studying briefly a day before a test
Ebbinghaus,memory, and forgetting - Remember a list of nonsense syllables - Forgetting occurs systematically - A strong initial decline is followed by a more gradual drop
Interference, memory, and forgetting Memory decay - Lose information Interference - The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information Proactive interference - Interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material - Something that older people experience Retroactive interference - Interference in which there is difficulty in the recall in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material Over-dependent forgetting - Forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory
Psych 5
Course: Psychology (PSYC 101)
University: Queensborough Community College
