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Pedsexam 1 - nursing

nursing
Course

Nursing Care of Older Adult (NUR 2214)

274 Documents
Students shared 274 documents in this course
Academic year: 2021/2022
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Rasmussen University

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Reflexes The Babinski reflex disappears at about age 1 year, Moro reflex disappears around 6 months, startle at 4 months, tonic neck 4-6 months When the primitive reflexes diminish, the infant develops protective or postural response reflexes. They help with motor development and remain for life once established. They are the righting and parachute reactions.

Infant Developmental Concern Colic: inconsolable crying that lasts 3 hours or more. It happens in the evening and usually resolves around 3 months of age. Parents should develop stepwise approach. Soothe by reducing stimulation, carrying, swings/vibration, pacifier (try 1 intervention at a time). Spitting up: normal after feedings. Encourage to burp and keep upright,(not in a seat) for 30 minutes after feeding. Thumb sucking/security: thumb sucking is a healthy, self-comforting activity. Pacifiers work but can be linked to increased incidence of otitis. If use pacifier, wean by age 2- Teething pain: application of cold can be soothing, over-the-counter topical anesthetics may be helpful

Appropriate Toys Age 1-4 months: mobile, mirrors, rattles, music/singing, patterns in books 4-7 months: fabric/board books, music, toys that do things and are easy to hold, toys that float or squirt water, soft dills/animals 6-12 months: plastic cups, bowls or buckets, mirror, blocks, stacking toys, busy boxes, balls, dolls, toy phone, push-pull toys, board books with pictures

Discipline appropriate in Infants Setting limits for safety Reward good behavior (Positive reinforcement) Do not reward bad behavior Be consistent, Maintain routines

Infant Nutrition Breast milk or formula until age 6 months. Solid foods introduced at 4- 6 months, 1 new food a week. Breast milk or formula until age 1 year then switched to whole milk.

Developmental Age Newborn Newborn are born with primitive reflexes. They are the Moro reflex, root, suck, asymmetric tonic neck, plantar and palmar grasp, step and Babinski reflexes.

Developmental Age 3 Months Lifts head and neck when on abdomen Grasps objects Turns head side to side Reflexes still present but palmar and plantar grasps disappearing (3-4 months)

Developmental Age 6 Months Moro reflex disappears, tonic neck (4-6 months) Birth Weight doubles, sit when propped Chews/teething, babbles Reaches for and grasps object, puts them in mouth (3-6 months) Recognizes familiar objects, expresses displeasure if removed, developing object permanence Rolls Front to back around 5 months and Rolls Back to front around 6 months

Appropriate Toys Age 1-3 (Toddlers) Toddlers exhibit parallel play, they like to imitate others, also like make believe Blocks, Books, Balls Puzzles, Push-pull toys Finger paints, Thick crayons Containers they can fill and empty

Theorist Age 1-3 (Toddler) Erikson: Autonomy versus shame and doubt, Seek autonomy by gaining more control over toileting and food preferences, Success leads to self-confidence and self control, if not successful leads to shame and doubt Piaget: Preoperational stage, Imitate others, Egocentric Displays magical thinking-think their thoughts impact the real world, play make believe, Egocentric, can’t see things from other’s perspective Freud: Anal stage, Derive pleasure from controlling bowel movements Kohlberg: Preconventional stage starts at age 2, follow rules for fear of punishment

Nutrition Age 1-3 (Toddler) Should be weaning from bottle by 12-15 months, Dairy products are primary source of calcium. Milk should be limited to 16 ounces a day to prevent iron-deficiency anemia. Include iron-fortified cereals in diet. Cut all foods into bite-sized pieces to prevent choking

Toddler Car Seat/Safety (Age 1-3) Car seat: rear-facing until age 2, or they outgrow the height and weight restrictions for the seat, then may be forward facing. Home: use safety gates, wear helmet when on bike. Begin teaching about crossing streets and avoiding animals they do not know. Lock cabinets containing chemicals

Developmental Age 3-5 (Preschooler) Grow about 2-3 inches a year and gain 4-5 pounds a year Age 3: climbs well, runs easily, walks up and down stairs with alternate feet, undresses self, builds tower of 9-10 blocks, screws/unscrews lids, turns book pages Age 4: hop and stand on one foot, throws overhand, catches a bounced ball, kicks ball, uses scissors, draws circles and squares, laces shoes, draws a person with 2-4 body parts

Age by 5: speak so stranger understand, brushes teeth and uses toilet and dresses without assistance, can skip, swim and ride a bike, jumps rope, walks backward heel to toe, prints some letters, ties shoes, uses utensils well

Appropriate Play Age 3-5 (Preschooler) Preschoolers exhibit associative play, it is not organized but they can cooperate with others Playing ball, Puzzles, Painting, Puppets Sewing, electronic games Plays make believe and dress-up, role play Sand boxes, skating, wading pools Books, Musical toys/instruments

Signs Preschooler is ready for Kindergarten Children can follow rules and expectations set for them Can stay 5 days a week Start new routines early to help them transition Up to date immunization

Preschoolers (Age 3-5) Additional information -may believe in monsters or be afraid of the dark -lying may be common due Ask why, knows same and different body integrity is important uses future tense

Developmental Age 6-12 (School-age) grow about 2 inches a year and gain about 7 pounds a year Growth will slow for boys between ages 10-12, which may lead to obesity. Girls may grow rapidly and they will have changes in their body that will soften their body lines. All 20 primary or deciduous teeth are lost and will be replaced by 28 permanent teeth (the 4 third molars or wisdom teeth will not be in).

Activities Age 6-12 (School -Age) Engage in cooperative play, they can complete complex tasks due to improved coordination, balance and fine motor skills 6-9 years: ride bikes, jump rope, play hopscotch, have collections, play simple board and number games, build simple models, join organized sports 9-12 years: make crafts, build models, start hobbies, collect things, solve jigsaw puzzles, play board and card games, involved in organized competitive sports

Screentime Age 6-12 (School-Age) Television watching, internet activity, or video gaming should not be used as a reward. The AAP recommends 2 hours or less of screen time per day. There should be no TV during dinner and no TV or internet-connected devices in the child's room.

Safety Age 6-12 (School-Age) Increased independence may lead to increased self-confidence and decreased fears, which contributes to accidental injuries Car safety: when child is 4ft 9in or taller, may sit in car without booster using shoulder and lap belt. Should not be in front seat with airbag before age 13. Pedestrian safety: children under age 10 should not walk alone Water: supervise to prevent water-related accidents Fire: supervise matches, cooking and ironing

Nutrition Age 6-12 (School-Age) Need calcium from milk, yogurt and cheese Need lean meats, poultry, fish and eggs to provide protein, vitamins and minerals Avoiding fatty meats, high-fat dairy products, eggs. Outside activities, family, media and peers can influence eating habits.

Theorist Age 6-12 (School-Age) Piaget: concrete operations stage, tell time, classify complex information, can solve problems and see the perspective of others, can think abstractly, can master math and reading skills, understands cause and effect Erikson: industry versus inferiority, sense of accomplishment gained through ability to cooperate and compete with others, have sense of inferiority if unable to master tasks, wants to form relationships. Kohlberg: Preconventional to age 7, then conventional stage of morality, they seek conformity and loyalty, follow rules and want to maintain social order, like to do activities with a friend, forms clubs with rules Freud: Latency stage, focuses on peer relationships, wants privacy and to understand body

Theorist Age 13-19 Adolescence According to Piaget, 10 and 11 year olds are still in the concrete operations stage. At age 12 they transition to the formal operations stge. They develop analytic and abstract thinking, show concern for politics and social issues, they are able to think long term and set goals, they compare themselves with their peers, start to have an awareness of personal limitations, they are able to predict outcomes and consequences. According to Freud, they are in latency stage until 12, then they are in the genital stage. During this stage, they struggle with sexuality, their body changes and fluctuating hormones brings back sexual desire, their social relationships are changing, they struggle with dependence versus independence from their parents, they are learning to form loving relationships, they must manage sexual urges in socially acceptable ways. Adolescents are in the identity versus role confusion stage according to Erikson. They are preoccupied with how they are seen in the eyes of others and are working to establish their own identity. They try out new roles to see what is best for them. If they cannot find a meaningful definition of self they are at risk for role confusion in one or more roles in their life. Some confusion is good and can result in self- reflection and self-examination.

Kohlberg believes that they are in the postconventional stage of development. They construct a personal and functional value system that is independent of their authority figures and peers. Infant: No moral development Toddler (1 ½ to 3 yrs): No moral development Preschooler (3-6 yrs): Preconventional morality is a matter of good or bad on a system of punishments Middle Childhood (7-11): Conventional Level-tries to be good, treats others the way they want to be treated Adolescence (12-18): Postconventional Level-moral standards beyond authority figure (religion, social)

Car Seat Safety All Ages Toddlers should remain in a rear facing seat until the child outgrows the height and weight restrictions for the seat Children should use a booster seat until the seat belt crosses the shoulder and chest in the right place A forward-facing car seat should be used until the child outgrows the height and weight restrictions of the seat and then use a belt- positioning booster seat until the lap and shoulder seat belt fits properly across the shoulder and chest. Children 13 years and older can sit in the front seat, but the airbag should not be turned off

Sucking reflex: place a gloved finger in the newborn’s mouth

  • = sucking motion Moro reflex: occurs when the neonate is startled
  • = The newborn will throw the arms outward and flex the knees Rooting reflex: stroke the newborn’s cheek
  • = turn toward the side that was stroked and should begin to make sucking movements Babinski reflex: stroke the lateral sole of the newborn’s foot from the heel toward and across the ball of the foot
  • = The toes fan out Palmar grasp reflex: place a finger on the newborn’s open palm
  • = The baby’s hand will close around the finger
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Pedsexam 1 - nursing

Course: Nursing Care of Older Adult (NUR 2214)

274 Documents
Students shared 274 documents in this course

University: Rasmussen University

Was this document helpful?
Reflexes
The Babinski reflex disappears at about age 1 year,
Moro reflex disappears around 6 months, startle at 4 months, tonic neck 4-6 months
When the primitive reflexes diminish, the infant develops protective or postural response reflexes. They
help with motor development and remain for life once established. They are the righting and parachute
reactions.
Infant Developmental Concern
Colic: inconsolable crying that lasts 3 hours or more. It happens in the evening and usually resolves
around 3 months of age. Parents should develop stepwise approach. Soothe by reducing stimulation,
carrying, swings/vibration, pacifier (try 1 intervention at a time).
Spitting up: normal after feedings. Encourage to burp and keep upright,(not in a seat) for 30 minutes
after feeding.
Thumb sucking/security: thumb sucking is a healthy, self-comforting activity. Pacifiers work but can be
linked to increased incidence of otitis. If use pacifier, wean by age 2-3
Teething pain: application of cold can be soothing, over-the-counter topical anesthetics may be helpful
Appropriate Toys
Age 1-4 months:
mobile, mirrors, rattles, music/singing, patterns in books
4-7 months:
fabric/board books, music, toys that do things and are easy to hold, toys that float or squirt water, soft
dills/animals
6-12 months:
plastic cups, bowls or buckets, mirror, blocks, stacking toys, busy boxes, balls, dolls, toy phone, push-pull
toys, board books with pictures
Discipline appropriate in Infants
Setting limits for safety
Reward good behavior (Positive reinforcement)
Do not reward bad behavior
Be consistent, Maintain routines

Students also viewed

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