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Aves - Zoology 212 Lecture notes on Aves

Zoology 212 Lecture notes on Aves

Course

Zoology (BIOL 212)

28 Documents

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Saginaw Valley State University

Academic year: 2022/2023

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1 saurischians ornithischians Lizard-hipped Bird-hipped Bird-hipped Dinosauria Convergent evolution Clade Aves 1 Archaeopteryx [sister group to all other birds] epitomizes this transition. 2 Archosaur-like : nest building long tail teeth in sockets Diapsid-like : uric acid >1 bone in the lower jaw 1 bone in middle ear Theropod-like : legs directly under the body bipedal pneumatic [hollow] bones elongate, flexible, S-shaped neck James Reece. © Australian Museum Jason Edwards/Getty Images Longrich 2006 2 Pubis points clown points posterily pointsall the in living birds from ancient wing

Archaeopteryx illustrates the concept of mosaic evolution. Selection operates on parts; thus, parts evolve at different rates. 3 Bird-like : asymmetrical feathers enlarged sternum furcula lunate wrist bone: swiveling wings Unique : bird-hip orientation from a lizard-hip ancestor Not bird-like: no carina [keel on sternum] no pygostyle teeth in jaws long tail 3 What does it mean to be a bird? Uniformity in structure results largely from adaptations for flight: lift and thrust. 4 uncinate processes (3) on ribs Pneumatic bone synsacrum Result: light weight, but strong, rigid skeletal frame pygostyle 4 evolve selection acts or A mal weight of human baby same toofferent rates

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7 Flying also requires excellent sensory abilities, associated with well- developed optic lobes [eyes], cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres. Who has greater range of binocular vision? Pecten: provide O 2 & nutrients Food processing is rapid. Salt glands compensate for kidney function www2.nau/lrm22/lessons/bird_lab/bird_lab.html farsouthexp/seabirds-salt-water- and-the-supraorbital-gland/ 7 Feathers are homologous with lizard scales and turtle scutes. Once developed, they are keratinized, non-living elements requiring molting. 8 Asymmetrical vanes for flight Downy feather: insulation Evolutionary stages of a feather Some theropods with stage 1 feathers, others with feathers of stages 3 & 4. Thus, feathers originated BEFORE flight.

courtship, territoriality, insulation academy.allaboutbirds/feathers-article/2/ Preening ensures barbules are attached. vane 8 shape of beak hunters = cief used cones o for tour feather Con Ibird its shape fabular t low not

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Colour is achieved by pigments in barbules and wave interference. 9 melanins lipochromes Structural colour 9 Wings provide lift & thrust. Its dimensions are correlated with flying abilities and thus bird habitats. 10 Aspect ratio : long side short side The narrow, pointed tip reduce drag. Very high-aspect ratio wings generate lift for soaring. albatross High-aspect ratio wings generate speed with minimal drag. Tapered, swept-back wings minimize turbulence. swallow Low-aspect ratio wings permit sharp turns. flycatcher 10 - structure of feathers is breaking wavelength ↑ pigment *used -> same bones as I no elementions not flapping humans loft plus y long a narrow feathers attach an radius bones tO y maximize and wrist leathers thrust deeper a swept back

ratio almost as deep as it is long maneuverable

13 An estimated 100 million – 1 billion birds die from window collisions in the US annually. Mark Thiessen, National Geographic photographer. 2013 92 species, >1700 birds. Sample of ~1,000,000 / yr in Toronto. C T D Cl In 1880’s, $510 / oz feather 13 14 If they get to their summer residence, breeding ensues, followed by a clutch of eggs and parental care. boonchai wedmakawand/Getty Images Eastcott Momatiuk/Getty Images Pakin Songmor/Getty Images Peter Chadwick/Getty Images

clutches and sizes vary

thecreativesalad /2012/04/27/birds-eggs-identified/ House Finch CK NG 14 federal Crime to have migratory feather can't show how you got the feather dead birds serrel cats - is abig killer want B Birds Ebiggestter habita those windows, fling powers, light of cities is brighter than stars bbirg ru for · do I aCO · FO functional over artist ferth 585 the time ~ 87 O flight post I be wi their est eggs must stay,warm red by -Set omosomes female detergametic the male

15 Courtship displays, thus sexual selection, and monogamy are common. Ed Scholes Monogamy vs. polygamy [polyandry, polygyny] Male bird of paradise youtube/watch?v=jTBHiZtnCsA Jeannie Stafford/USFS Vocal organ: syrinx academy.allaboutbirds/birdsong/3/ Greater sage grouse: lek 15 16 2 groups of modern birds: paleognaths and neognaths. Paleognaths are not good fliers or do not fly. Flightlessness has evolved multiple times among birds. Vestigial wing Map: Hoshie, icons: D. Naish 16 first feathers of use m e Insulationmate Signilingdisplay Courship territory refending C I flight many males per/female many females , male more common face-

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