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Chapter 4 Altered Cellular
Pathophysiology (NURS 240R)
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Patho NursingPreview text
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Cellular Adaptation
Adaptive changes o Atrophy: decrease in cell size, cell shrinks o Hypertrophy: increase in the cell size, cell grows larger (weightlifting to increase skeletal muscle) o Hyperplasia: increase in the number of cells (liver regeneration o Metaplasia: reversible replacement of one mature cell type, build on top of each other. (one cell type is replaced with another) o Dysplasia: abnormal changes in size and shape, atypical
Cellular Injury Mechanisms
Hypoxic Injury (most common) o Ischemia : low blood supply o Low oxygen content in ambient air o Loss of hemoglobin, low production of RBCs o Resp. And cardiovascular disorders Anoxia (total lack of oxygen caused by blockage) Ischemia- reperfusion injury o Injury to cell after blood and oxygen has been restored that occurs due to toxins such as calcium being released in cell Oxidative stress Injury induced by free radicals and ROS that cause damaging effects Increased intracellular calcium concentration Inflammation Complement activation Chemical or toxic injury o Xenobiotics - toxic, mutagenic, carcinogens Chemical agents/ medications
Environmental toxins Heavy metals Ethanol (ETOH)- alcohol
Unintentional and Intentional Injuries
Blunt force injuries (most common) o Contusion (bruise) Laceration (cut) Fracture (break) o Injury in body resulting in tearing, shearing or crushing o Caused by blows or impact Sharp force injuries o Cutting and piercing wounds o Incised wound: a wound that is longer than it is deep o Stab wound: a wound that is deeper than it is long o Puncture wound: objects with sharp points that produce puncture wound Ex: stepping on a nail o Chopping wound: produce wounds with combo of sharp and blunt force characteristics Gunshot wounds o Penetrating gunshot wounds: entrance but NO exit wound o Perforating gunshot wounds: entrance and exit wound Asphyxial injuries o Failure of cells to receive oxygen o Ex: suffocation, strangulation, chemical asphyxiants, and drowning
Infectious Injury
Pathogenicity of a microorganism Disease-producing potential o Invasion and destruction o Toxin production o Production of hypersensitivity reactions
o 5) Gangrenous necrosis Tissue death from severe hypoxic injury Dry Wet Occurs in extremities o Apoptosis Programmed cellular death Active process Physiologic vs pathologic Normal part of aging o Autophagy Self-destructive and a survival mechanism Cytoplasmic contents delivered to lysosomes for degradation Contributes to the aging process
Aging and Altered Cellular and tissue Biology
Frailty o Weakness, decreased stamina, and functional decline in older adults o Increased vulnerability to falls, disability, disease, death
Somatic Death
Postmortem changes o Pallor mortis: Pale skin o Algor mortis: cooling of body after death (temp) o Rigor mortis: rigid (joints and muscle) o Livor mortis: Pooling of blood o Putrefaction: Decay of the body (smell) o Decomposition: Decay of the body o Skeletonization: see the skeleton
Chapter 4 Altered Cellular
Course: Pathophysiology (NURS 240R)
University: Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
