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The Brain - intro to psych F2021

professor: Dr. Mary Hargis
Course

General Psychology (PSYC 10213)

67 Documents
Students shared 67 documents in this course
Academic year: 2021/2022
Uploaded by:
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This document has been uploaded by a student, just like you, who decided to remain anonymous.
Texas Christian University

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THE BRAIN

The Curious Case of Phineas Gage:

 Phineas was casually working when an iron bar shot through his head  He survived  He was a normal guy (before the accident)  But afterwards, he was more irritable and got angry easily. He struggled with his day-to-day life

What Gage’s Story Tells Us:

 Specific areas of the brain are responsible for different functions o Gage was still able to talk/walk o His personality/behavior changed  Methodology: descriptive (case study)  Brain relates to behavior

Brief Intro to Neuroscience:

 Parts of the brain: o Basal Ganglia (movement/reward) o Cerebral cortex (front part) o Hypothalamus (regulates body function) o Amygdala (emotion) o Thalamus (sensory gateway) o Hippocampus (memory)  Regions of the brain (lobes): o Frontal  Planning, decision making, speaking (includes primary motor cortex) o Temporal  Auditory processing, language

o Parietal  Sensory input for touch and position (includes primary somatosensory cortex) o Occipital  Receives visual information  Right & left hemispheres communicate to each other

Prefrontal Cortex:

 Phineas Gage: his accident caused damage to his frontal lobes o This led to major personality changes  Part of the frontal lobe  Lobotomy: form of surgery that deliberately damages prefrontal cortex

Right-Brained or Left-Brained:

 Hemispheres are highly connected  Largely symmetric, but there’s some “Lateralization” (language)  Contralateral organization: left hemisphere controls right side of body, and vice versa  Corpus Callosum o Communicate through fibers  Process is done majority in the left hemisphere

Parts of a Neuron:

 DENDRITES: detect incoming signals from other neurons  CELL BODY (SOMA): collects/ sums input; contains nucleus and cellular material  AXON: transmits signal to axon terminals (an ultimately to other neurons)

o Can aid in diagnosis of disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease o Very quiet (good for auditory experiments) o Localizes where brain activity is happening  CONS: o Invasive (radioactive injection) o Very expensive o Poor temporal resolution  Doesn’t tell when brain activity is happening (kind of slow)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

 Giant magnet  MRI studies brain anatomy  fMRI studies brain function  MRI scans are useful for clinical imaging (diagnosis)  MRI takes 1 high resolution picture  fMRI takes many low resolution pictures o Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) signal  Indirect measure of neural activity

↑ neural activity → ↑blood oxygen → ↑fMRI signal

 fMRI Pros and Cons: o Pros:  Good spatial resolution  Non-invasive (no known harm to subjects)  Widely available at medical centers and research universities o Cons:  Not great temporal resolution  Very expensive  Scanner is very loud

Electroencephalography:

 Good temporal resolution  Direct measure of neural activity  Much cheaper than MRI scanners  Limitations: o Limited spatial resolution, despite high temporal resolution o Skull and brain tissue distort electrical fields o Largely blind to subcortical activity

Utility of Functional Imaging:

 Pros: o Can potentially localize function in healthy controls o Has revealed activity in brain areas previously thought to be uninvolved (e. cerebellum)  Cons: o replication of results often poor o the same functional area can lie in slightly different anatomical regions in different brains

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The Brain - intro to psych F2021

Course: General Psychology (PSYC 10213)

67 Documents
Students shared 67 documents in this course

University: Texas Christian University

Was this document helpful?
THE BRAIN
The Curious Case of Phineas Gage:
Phineas was casually working when an iron bar shot through
his head
He survived
He was a normal guy (before the accident)
But afterwards, he was more irritable and got angry easily.
He struggled with his day-to-day life
What Gage’s Story Tells Us:
Specific areas of the brain are responsible for different
functions
oGage was still able to talk/walk
oHis personality/behavior changed
Methodology: descriptive (case study)
Brain relates to behavior
Brief Intro to Neuroscience:
Parts of the brain:
oBasal Ganglia (movement/reward)
oCerebral cortex (front part)
oHypothalamus (regulates body function)
oAmygdala (emotion)
oThalamus (sensory gateway)
oHippocampus (memory)
Regions of the brain (lobes):
oFrontal
Planning, decision making, speaking (includes
primary motor cortex)
oTemporal
Auditory processing, language

Students also viewed

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