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PSIO 201 exam 2 study guide

Muscular system summary

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Human Anatomy And Physiology I (PSIO 201)

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The University of Arizona

Academic year: 2017/2018

Listed bookAnatomy and Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function

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Psto 201 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE Types of Bones: Flat home Bone e skull, Ribs Long Femur, Humans Phalangeo department Short carpals, I tarsals Irregular Vertebrace Sesamoid Patella Divisions analomy Bone of the Skeleton: epiphyseal line (plak) Axial Appendicular endosseum Compact bone Skull Arms t legs spongy Bove Vertebrae Pelvre girde Ribs Pectoral girelle Perroshum medullary cavity Bone Cells: mesenchyme connective tissue stem cell Hemato Process which osteogenic cells undifferentiated bone cells red bone marrow makes eurephrocytes, bone, secrete ECM, start leukocytes, and calcification osteocytes thrombocytes (blood) mature cells, muintain ECM, Signal for remodelling Red Bone Osteoclasts break down bone l resorption) made of does himatopersis while blood cells Yellow Bone Stores lipids Psto 201 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE Types of Bones: Flat home Bone e skull, Ribs Long Femur, Humans Phalangeo department Short carpals, I tarsals Irregular Vertebrace Sesamoid Patella Divisions analomy Bone of the Skeleton: epiphyseal line (plak) Axial Appendicular endosseum Compact bone Skull Arms t legs spongy Bove Vertebrae Pelvre girde Ribs Pectoral girelle Perroshum medullary cavity Bone Cells: mesenchyme connective tissue stem cell Hemato Process which osteogenic cells undifferentiated bone cells red bone marrow makes eurephrocytes, bone, secrete ECM, start leukocytes, and calcification osteocytes thrombocytes (blood) mature cells, muintain ECM, Signal for remodelling Red Bone Osteoclasts break down bone l resorption) made of does himatopersis while blood cells Yellow Bone Stores lipids Bone Biologyl Biochemietty: Cells are organic Bone components B made of Bone ECM (connective is made of tissue) organic and inorganic components Osteoclasts: Organic Inorganic form sealing zones, glycans Collagen secrete proteolytrc (GAG) Fibers water minerals enzymes, release the (type hyawronn aerd, 1) , minerals back into Calcium the blood Chondroitin sulfate change Phonese . traps water (hydroxy apetite Sealing zone Cellular Structure 6910 (POU) (OH)2) of Bone: . seaing Bove surface zone K Compact Bone bone being Spongy Bone resorbed Trabewille Osteon are composed of concentive made of central lamellac concensive canal, without a lamellae holds blood central canal vessels and Compact Bone nerves is made UP of Trabeare osteons, interstitual make up lameuae, and a web live Circumferentral structure lamenae Trabecular are covered lacunae (lacuni) canals Personaling endosteum and houses osteocytes allow recreve Central blood vetters nutrients from canaliculi through endosteum canal compact since they connect osteons bone have no central canais osteocytes have osteocytes git m lacunae and dendritic processes connect to other osteoeytes that connect to other ostocykes through canaliculi Jonestone Bone Biologyl Biochemietty: Cells are organic Bone components B made of Bone ECM (connective is made of tissue) organic and inorganic components Osteoclasts: Organic Inorganic form sealing zones, glycans Collagen secrete proteolytrc (GAG) Fibers water minerals enzymes, release the (type hyawronn aerd, 1) , minerals back into Calcium the blood Chondroitin sulfate change Phonese . traps water (hydroxy apetite Sealing zone Cellular Structure 6910 (POU) (OH)2) of Bone: . seaing Bove surface zone K Compact Bone bone being Spongy Bone resorbed Trabewille Osteon are composed of concentive made of central lamellac concensive canal, without a lamellae holds blood central canal vessels and Compact Bone nerves is made UP of Trabeare osteons, interstitual make up lameuae, and a web live Circumferentral structure lamenae Trabecular are covered lacunae (lacuni) canals Personaling endosteum and houses osteocytes allow recreve Central blood vetters nutrients from canaliculi through endosteum canal compact since they connect osteons bone have no central canais osteocytes have osteocytes git m lacunae and dendritic processes connect to other osteoeytes that connect to other ostocykes through canaliculi Jonestone Vitamin D pathway: chorcalciferol kidney activates Cdretary or produced Stored in caterdrol to in skin in presence liver as become calcitriol calcidrol of WB light) in presence of PTH or low blood cant normally need of calcium active calcitrrol functio Per day, only 175 Similarly to PTH to mg absorbed In crease blood calcium children 1 women need more calcium Bone Formation: Intramembranous cranial bonus, mandible, Sternum, Clavicu, sesamord mesenehyme secrete ECM, bones trabecular osteogenre cells begin process remodenn of calcification Spongy bone into some compact osteoblasts mature into osteocytes bor mesenenyme condenses to form periosteum Endochondral most bone, growth at epiphysean plate mesenchyme Spongy bone growth Cartilage model in draphysis Secondary Ossifical (primary ossificition) begins at epiphyse Chondrocytes in miclace die because of lack of carve out medullary nutrents (avascular) cautty articular cartilage epiphyseal plate remodeling into stimulates calesfication compact bone kft as cartilage Epiphysis differentiation of osteoblasts. Epiphyscal Plate: nutrens artery Zone of resting cartilage zone of prolisterating cartilage Growth Zone of hypertrophic cartilage at Epiphyseal Plate: calcified cartilage Cartilage at Diaphysis epiphyseal end of plate grows (interstitial cartilage at growth) draphyseal end of plate 13 replaced bone (endochondral ossification) Vitamin D pathway: chorcalciferol kidney activates Cdretary or produced Stored in caterdrol to in skin in presence liver as become calcitriol calcidrol of WB light) in presence of PTH or low blood cant normally need of calcium active calcitrrol functio Per day, only 175 Similarly to PTH to mg absorbed In crease blood calcium children 1 women need more calcium Bone Formation: Intramembranous cranial bonus, mandible, Sternum, Clavicu, sesamord mesenehyme secrete ECM, bones trabecular osteogenre cells begin process remodenn of calcification Spongy bone into some compact osteoblasts mature into osteocytes bor mesenenyme condenses to form periosteum Endochondral most bone, growth at epiphysean plate mesenchyme Spongy bone growth Cartilage model in draphysis Secondary Ossifical (primary ossificition) begins at epiphyse Chondrocytes in miclace die because of lack of carve out medullary nutrents (avascular) cautty articular cartilage epiphyseal plate remodeling into stimulates calesfication compact bone kft as cartilage Epiphysis differentiation of osteoblasts. Epiphyscal Plate: nutrens artery Zone of resting cartilage zone of prolisterating cartilage Growth Zone of hypertrophic cartilage at Epiphyseal Plate: calcified cartilage Cartilage at Diaphysis epiphyseal end of plate grows (interstitial cartilage at growth) draphyseal end of plate 13 replaced bone (endochondral ossification) 5 Atonal Growth: secrete BcM,mature into osteocytes, errostal cells osteoblasts form bony ridges around periosteal blood vessel ridges fuse 2 become medullary cavity a tunner, perrosteum osteoblasts in with increase in becomes endosteum endosteum deposit thickness (osteoclasts) BCM, form concentric lamellae Bone Remodelling: 1 Signalked microfractures in dendritic process of osteocytes, break because of Stresses on bone (Activation) 2 oseecrasts break down area of bone (resorption) 3 signalse end of resorption 4 osteoblast build ECM to fill in resorption 5 lacuna osteoblast (formation) become osteocytes or bone lining cells Factors Affecting Bone Remodeling (quressence) Bone Density: Hormones: Growth hormone stimulates growth (length in children, causes worlth on a clults) stimulase ooteoblasts Chandrocytes slightly to more close than epiphyseal Loss of plate Sex hormones due to decreased bone aging (menopause) causes density Excercise: trabeculae align along lines of stress bending on bone flow of ECF, Signals bone remodelling I meenacoupling osteocytes 2 brochemical coupling calcium influx 3 transission of chemical signal gap junctions 4 bone cell response osteoblast proliferation 5 Atonal Growth: secrete BcM,mature into osteocytes, errostal cells osteoblasts form bony ridges around periosteal blood vessel ridges fuse 2 become medullary cavity a tunner, perrosteum osteoblasts in with increase in becomes endosteum endosteum deposit thickness (osteoclasts) BCM, form concentric lamellae Bone Remodelling: 1 Signalked microfractures in dendritic process of osteocytes, break because of Stresses on bone (Activation) 2 oseecrasts break down area of bone (resorption) 3 signalse end of resorption 4 osteoblast build ECM to fill in resorption 5 lacuna osteoblast (formation) become osteocytes or bone lining cells Factors Affecting Bone Remodeling (quressence) Bone Density: Hormones: Growth hormone stimulates growth (length in children, causes worlth on a clults) stimulase ooteoblasts Chandrocytes slightly to more close than epiphyseal Loss of plate Sex hormones due to decreased bone aging (menopause) causes density Excercise: trabeculae align along lines of stress bending on bone flow of ECF, Signals bone remodelling I meenacoupling osteocytes 2 brochemical coupling calcium influx 3 transission of chemical signal gap junctions 4 bone cell response osteoblast proliferation 7 ts: Structural Classification Functional Classification fibrous Synarthrosis Cartilayenous amphiarthrosis Synovral diarthrosts Suture fibrous synarthrosis between bones in skell (coronal suture) Intraosseous Symphysis. cartilaginous amphiarthrosis (pubre bones Membrane fibrous amphrarthrosis symphysrs) between parallel long (racliust ulna, tibras Syndesmosis fibrous amphrarthrosis, fibula) dense CT usually ligament (gomophosis cone Shaped peg in hole (teeth)) Epiphyseal Plate cartilaginous synarthrosis growth center for growth in length via endochondral ossification, becomes Synostosis When fused computely Synchonelrosis cartilaginous amphiarthrosis (first rib manubrium of Types of Synovial Joints: sternum) monoaxial biaxral Pivot Joint joint, condiylord (temporomandibular) radioulnar joint) Planar Joint saddu joint (carpometucarpal) (sternocostal joint) planar Joint (intercarpal) Hinge Joint (elbow ankle, triaxral interpraleugeal) Ball and socket (hip, shoulder) Planer sornt (navicular . cunefforms) 7 ts: Structural Classification Functional Classification fibrous Synarthrosis Cartilayenous amphiarthrosis Synovral diarthrosts Suture fibrous synarthrosis between bones in skell (coronal suture) Intraosseous Symphysis. cartilaginous amphiarthrosis (pubre bones Membrane fibrous amphrarthrosis symphysrs) between parallel long (racliust ulna, tibras Syndesmosis fibrous amphrarthrosis, fibula) dense CT usually ligament (gomophosis cone Shaped peg in hole (teeth)) Epiphyseal Plate cartilaginous synarthrosis growth center for growth in length via endochondral ossification, becomes Synostosis When fused computely Synchonelrosis cartilaginous amphiarthrosis (first rib manubrium of Types of Synovial Joints: sternum) monoaxial biaxral Pivot Joint joint, condiylord (temporomandibular) radioulnar joint) Planar Joint saddu joint (carpometucarpal) (sternocostal joint) planar Joint (intercarpal) Hinge Joint (elbow ankle, triaxral interpraleugeal) Ball and socket (hip, shoulder) Planer sornt (navicular . cunefforms) Synoval Joint structure fibrous capsule, extracapsular lrgaments A articular cartilage synonal T ynoval . flurd membrane. Accesory Structures: meniscus articular drsk ligaments. of intracapsular cartilage lextracapsular tendons (bone bone to to boru), steat stabilization muscle, dynamre stabilization Temporamandibular Joint: mandibular fossa mandibu of articulates with tempral bone mandibutar condyloid joint (biaxral) only movable joint Stylomandibular in skun ligament, articular distr vertebrocostal Joints: Ribs true, each Ribs own connection to share sternum connection to oternum Ribs articulate with sternum Rib 1:head supervor facet of Rib, T1 tubercle traverse head process supersor of demisact of Tzq inferror Rib dempare b: head superior accept of Tiri Hercle of transverse process of T2 T10, tubercle transverse Ribs head process of 716 superfor facet of T11 (12) Synoval Joint structure fibrous capsule, extracapsular lrgaments A articular cartilage synonal T ynoval . flurd membrane. Accesory Structures: meniscus articular drsk ligaments. of intracapsular cartilage lextracapsular tendons (bone bone to to boru), steat stabilization muscle, dynamre stabilization Temporamandibular Joint: mandibular fossa mandibu of articulates with tempral bone mandibutar condyloid joint (biaxral) only movable joint Stylomandibular in skun ligament, articular distr vertebrocostal Joints: Ribs true, each Ribs own connection to share sternum connection to oternum Ribs articulate with sternum Rib 1:head supervor facet of Rib, T1 tubercle traverse head process supersor of demisact of Tzq inferror Rib dempare b: head superior accept of Tiri Hercle of transverse process of T2 T10, tubercle transverse Ribs head process of 716 superfor facet of T11 (12) HID Joint: triaxial drarthrosis, ball socket acetabulum head of lrgament of attatehes to fovea acctabular capits labrum knee Joint: monoaxral drarthrosis. medial hinge joint lateral menisci intracapsular ligaments: anterior crucrate posterior extracapsular crucrate ligaments: obtrave poplisteal arevate popliteal fibral collateral tibral collateral patellar and HID Joint: triaxial drarthrosis, ball socket acetabulum head of lrgament of attatehes to fovea acctabular capits labrum knee Joint: monoaxral drarthrosis. medial hinge joint lateral menisci intracapsular ligaments: anterior crucrate posterior extracapsular crucrate ligaments: obtrave poplisteal arevate popliteal fibral collateral tibral collateral patellar and