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Human Geography Detailed Final Exam Review

teacher: April Veness Detailed, colored coordinated exam review with m...
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Human Geography (GEOG 102)

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Academic year: 2016/2017
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University of Delaware

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HUMAN GEOGRAPHY FINAL REVIEW Part 3: Geopolitical factors behind uneven development in Africa and South Africa Key resources for Maps NATURAL RESOURCES Petroleum: linear across northern Africa and in curve near Nigeria and Niger River Iron Ore: northwest coast and south Africa Coal: South Africa Measures of development maps Least Developed Countries center Africa Human resource weakness Economic vulnerability Countries Greatest Poverty central African countries Highest Infant Mortality Rates central African countries Largest Labor Force of Children central African countries Highest of Population Under Age 15 central African countries Shows stage 2 of demographical model developing country Highest Population Density in Africa inner curve, eastern coast, central All of this shows these countries do NOT have good access to education, health care, jobs, and a environment LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES Geography of Wealth Poverty map 14 argument: poorest countries lie in Tropics region and are landlocked, wealthiest in Temperate regions General physical features of Africa maps Loc a t i onofr e s our c e s :c oa l ,i r onor e ,pe t r ol e um,g ol d,di a monds ,c oppe r Ma j orr i v e r a n g e ,Va a l ,Li mpopo ,a ndGr e a tFi s h Mount a i a k e ns be r gl i ne a rs l opi n gone a s ts i deofLe s o t ho De s e r t mi ba ndKa l a ha r i Be s tl a ndsf ori nt e ns i v es ub s i s t e nc di t e r r a ne a ns c r l on gc oa s tofs out he r nt i p Ea s t e r nHa l t ,Ho t( f a r ms ) s t e r nHa l y( hunt e rg a t he r e r pa s t or a lnoma di s m) ( ( e x c l udi n gs out he r nt i p) ) Ar e a sofhi ghe s tde v e l opme i t i e sofPr e t or i aa ndJ oha nne s bur g ! Col oni z a t i onmap10 Dutch settlers call themselves White Tribe of important tribal groups, involved in extensive subsistence agriculture Erasure of see indigenous people using land must not Maybe on land, but not using it as productively we have greater right to it Native people not equal to us savages not as entitled duty to enslave civilize these savages only way they will know how to use land Inscription of We cut ties to old world entitled We are white African tribe, speak Afrikaan, call ourselves Afrikaners legitimate occupants 1st true settlers charter culture. Everyone will adopt out language, religion, laws and way of life we created legal titles and ownership (written papers) we have desire and physical might (guns steel) our destiny to be here STAGE 2: Expansion Diffusion TrekBoer migration into interior in search of new grazing lands w slaves before BRITISH ARRIVAL 1795 o White tribe does what wants no one there before British tribes become trouble Land was similar to Europe so White tribe used settlement tactics they need had their guns feel threatened British annex cape pushes Trekboers further inland British stake claims : 1. Outlawing slavery 1834 undercuts Afrikaner economy and enlists support of African tribes 2. Offer free land and passage to British settlers pays for migration, increases numerical strength of British who claim coastal cities Durban, E London, Port Elizabeth, pushing Afrikaners inward toward High Veld 3. Making investments in infrastructure British fund construction of transportation and urban infrastructure to increase international trade STAGE 3: GREAT TREK Once Boers cross Great Fish River encounter tribes and have problems lots of fighting Boers extend beyond Limpopo River because right around river Tropic of Capricorn crops do well, livestock had tough time, Afrikaners dying, contracting diseases (Malaria) they used to African tribes, Afrikaners, and British all want to lay claim to High Veld rich agricultural mineral lands between Kimberley and Johannesburg Lesotho Swaziland independent countries for very powerful tribes, Boers lay claim on their land Impact of British Colonization on Afrikaners: 1. Intense nationalism, solidarity, independence, resistance and resentment 2. Movement of Afrikaners in interior, removing land from native tribes 3. Establishment of 2 republics for Afrikaners: Orange Free State and Transvaal At first Afrikaners and British work together against Africans, but end are enemies Impact of British Colonization on African tribes: 1. Disruption of traditional livelihoods due to warfare, loss of 2. Introduction of English culture (language, religion, education) Afrikaners resented British missionaries feared their success in striving for emancipation and racial equality Black tribes welcomed missionaries, they never harmed one of them through all the racial violence, but before blacks knew it, they had lost all their land STAGE 4: DISCOVERY OF RESOURCES AND CONSOLIDATION OF POWER UNDER BRITISH (18701900) Mineral riches of S Africa being discovered in Afrikaner land (republics) British move in 1860s: diamonds near Orange river and Vaal city of Kimberly, west coast under Orange river 1880s: gold horseshoe around Johannesburg, on Vaal river east of Johannesburg 1890s: coal between Swaziland and Johannesburg SE of Pretoria and Johannesburg 1910s: iron ore south region of coal, north of diamond area between Vaal and Orange river British capital is being used to develop o Mining sites o Railroads and ports o Industry War o 6 mil blacks: 1 mil whites o Afrikaners have dealt with over 100 years of British intrusion strong dislike o Fight for right to control country o British used Scorched Earth Policy: poison wells, burn fields buildings, kill livestock, put enemy in concentration camps o Afrikaners fight back with no success British gain control (but not for long) o 1902 Report embarrassment to British about Boers (many children) died of starvation, disease, and exposure in camps Boer inmates black inmates died STAGE 5: APARTHEID ORGANIZING SPACE, JUSTIFYING INEQUALITY GEOPOLITICAL FACTORS THAT LED TO UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT maps 1. Creating differential access to land and opportunity 2. Establishing policies to support white privilege Apartheid separate development based on separation race, white privilege and exclusive use of land 1948 Afrikaner National Party elected to power establish apartheid policy: creates fear hatred among whites. Order of (1911): Bantu Authorities Act: establishes 10 Bantustans and dictates blacks cannot own land in white farming areas leads to mass evictions. Political rights confined to Bantustans, they had no political rights in S Africa Natives Act (Pass Laws): controls movement of blacks requiring males over 16 to carry passport. leave designated area without permit from authorities Group Amenities Act: creates racially segregated areas for housing and amenities Bantu Education Act: separate education system for blacks Native Labor Law Amendment Act: gave power to deny black right of collective action (strikes), to declare states of emergencies, and to impose penalties or protesting for existing laws. Because of Apartheid cheap labor low prices countries trading S Africa want to lose their profit foreign countries supported giving money trading AT FIRST whites best land, high education rates and income, good health, low infant mortality, population pyramid reflected stage black all opposite and pyramid reflected stage 2 DISMANTLING APARTHEID: Internal pressures: o Passive resistance informational pamphlets and peaceful protests, treason trials Nelson Mandela jailed for treason o Active Resistance: violent protests and uprisings, fear of civil war Soweto uprising: student protest, young black S African arrested and died overnight in police station police denied involvement but assumptions resulted in very violent protest spreading from Soweto to eventually whole country responses to resistance: o Detain protestors o Torture prisoners o radicals and protest leaders o Conduct raids into neighboring countries because they were supplying ideas, money, and arms to the protest o Granted selected homelands not good areas Spreading to international news huge issues, large number of deaths External pressures: o Criticized apartheid (college campuses held protests and marches) o Boycott of segregated S African sports teams and products that were produced via exploited labor of o Divestment: countries want to put money in and support that supports such separation stop investing in companies hurts S Africa because they lose money o Trade penalties wont trade with S Africa and put high tariff on any goods S Africa tried to export o Provide support safe passage and home base to exiled leaders o Refuse to recognize legitimacy of way of window dressing the problem o Recall bank loans given to S African and demand immediate repayment o Impose sanctions: deny access to technology, trade, and capital to white S African is every they want blood bath so tried to isolate without troops ever entering S Africa ENDING APARTHEID: Transition surprisingly peaceful Late 80s, liberal Afrikaners win elections and begin enacting reforms that led to: o 1988 Mandela freed from jail o 1993 Mandela and President De Klerk win Nobel Peace Prize lead way to writing new constitution o 1994 truth and reconciliation trials allowed whites who participated in violence or discrimination to confess what they did without fear of jail or retaliation helped peaceful transition o 1994 first free election blacks can vote, Mandela wins (dies 2013) However, blacks still not equal lasting effects of apartheid and despite all S Africa still one of wealthiest countries in Africa Population 2011: o African o White o Colored o TERMS H Basic geographical components of US: maps fall line, major rivers, mountains, lakes agricultural regions European Migration to Push Factors: o Religious persecutions o Quest for wealth o Population pressure Colonists arrive in NE because ocean currents good site: lots of resources and safe water Encountered very populated area: natives fishing, farming in permanent villages (2 million indigenous people) Housing types for natives o North and plains teepee o NE tribes longhouse o Great lake tribes wigham o SE tribes thatched o SW tribes adobe Environmental types upon arrival: tropical rainforest savannah, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra 1763 contest with European colonial powers to claim land French(North), British(east), Spanish(south) Importance of configuration of space in colonization: manufacturing along great lakes access to water through lakes and rivers easy to transport goods. Also in middle of coal and iron supplies ideal natural features, resource base, and technology give locational advantages water power important energy source explains sitting of small scale manufacturing along Fall Line: where waterfalls provided water power o Saugus Iron Works near Boston: prospered near forests, waterfalls, rivers to travel, natural harbors, and shipping lanes Timber charcoal to supply energy needed to blast furnaces 1750 Iron Act in England (applied to colonies): Encouraged permitted shipment of raw material, to UK for manufacturing into processed goods Made it illegal to produce finished iron goods in American colony Ensured English products would be exported to colony eliminated competition with iron in colony Inhibits colony from becoming wealthy Native American Experience maps 30 and terms 1 Natives died from diseases introduced Europeans killed millions Europeans push natives west through violence (hunted, imprisoned, raped, murdered) that led to social and spatial exclusion of Native Americans: 1786 first reservations established natives defined as belonging to separate nation, denying citizenship rights and protection in country 1803 Jefferson suggests natives need to be taught to take up farming and participate in economic practices of whites (accommodate our wants needs) abandon traditional livelihoods (hunting takes up too much land 1803 Louisiana Purchase: opens up interior of country to settlers 1830 Indian Removal Act: all natives living east of Mississippi River needed to move west Trail of Tears: Cherokees forced to march miles died period of frontier wars between settlers and natives various treaties were created but discarded 1868 Sioux tribe given rights to land in Black Hills, SD gold is discovered there tries to buy back land for mil when Sioux refuse to leave brings in troops 1887 Dawes Act: natives no longer own nations now under rule, each member of tribe given single portion of tribal land acres of typically worst remaining lands sold to white settles to pay for Indian education Native American Boarding Schools the Indian, save the Erasure Inscription logic: natives capable of living decent lives on lands left behind more Indian children into boarding schools to teach them civilized way of living Reservations Today: Natives on small, less productive pieces of land Entrenched poverty Rates of alcoholism and suicide high Industrialization(stage 2 stage 3) maps 29, 1770: 1850: of population lives in rural areas South is wealthy Urbanization maps City pedestrian compact mixed land uses 2 class system rich in center, poor on periphery concentric zone not realistic Model: most likely to see in US o Poor people live around factories and transportation hubs o Land uses and social groups more segregated Immigration map 28, 31 dominant immigrant group WASP charter culture German speaking also big group 1st wave: WASP, African, Irish, German racism against African (enslaved), Irish, Jewish nd 2 wave: Southern and Eastern Europe, some from Africa 3rd: Latin American and Asian 4th: today: Latin American, Asian, African 1917 Immigration Act: implemented literacy test immigrants over 16 had to demonstrate reading comp. in any language increased tax paid new immigrants allowed immigration officials to be more selective on who to exclude excluded entry from anyone born in Barred except Japanese and Filipinos Immigration Act of 1924: limited of immigrants allowed through from each nationality Assimilation maps 39,40 of social groups in city according to difference from host population o War promises to give all freed slaves 40 acres of land mule failed to happen o Many former slaves now sharecroppers working lands of whites (terrible conditions) Pull to North: o Industrial cities expanding labor needed o Factory jobs stable incomes, additional opportunities for families Whites neighborhoods react negatively not allowing them to live there violently purging Blacks have to cluster housing creating Black Ghetto Racially Restrictive Covenants enforced National Housing Act of 1934 Ensured residential segregation Covenants in deeds or properties specifying no person of certain (blacks) is permitted to occupy this property Whites want to see their property value drop Racism want to live next to blacks Discrimination: In Ghettos landlords could raise rent because high demand, low supply Landlords properties fix any issues because want to take away from profit and knew blacks would still live there because there was nowhere else to spend taxes on fixing cities 1948 RRC ruled illegal but stop discriminating practices Homeowner Associations: in past purchased vacant properties to sell to but today keep housing expensive, high membership fees, and lots of rules so unwanted group afford to live there Redlining and Housing Loans: banks give out loans to poor areas (black neighborhoods) because not safe investment blacks get housing loans to get out of poor neighborhood Urban Renewal Programs: rise of public housing increased spatial distance concentrating numbers of poor people into same area o Black residents steered into ghettos and public housing projects even if they could afford in white neighborhood Restrictive zoning: lands used for specific types of housing to keep unwanted people out Housing vouchers: defeats restrictive zoning allowing families to change places 1949 Urban Redevelopment 1954 Housing Acts: o fed gave cities power money to demolish degraded neighborhoods (black neighborhoods) o developers turned vacated lands into residential. Institutional, and commercial space for newcomers Job Discrimination: blacks unable to secure fair share of good jobs even though they qualified for it confined to jobs at bottom of pay scale long term impacts accumulate capital needed for improved housing, higher education, and savings Suburbanization whites leave city for suburbs reading m White flight: whites move out of cities as blacks move in loss of revenue because whites were paying taxes to keep cities wealth, wealth is moving out and so are jobs 1956 Highway Act: uses tax dollars to construct interstate highways erased sections of inner city and displaced residents tax breaks on mortgage interest encourages homeownership, and gives white more reason to move to suburbs leaving vacant houses in city for blacks wanting to leave ghetto realtors instill fear and panic about racial integration and encourage whites to sell house (at reduced price), they then houses at inflated prices to blacks relocation of jobs to city led to: o shrinking tax base less money to spend on public services for city residents o growing unemployment for dependent on low skilled jobs o increased transportation costs for having to commute longer distances to work o kids got jobs busing black children to better schools in white neighborhoods growth of private schools 1954: Brown v Board of Ed. school desegregation RESULTS TODAY African Americans disproportionate o In lower income neighborhoods o Incarcerated o Outside of higher rungs of economy o Unable to access better schools Gentrification in American cities: inner city now attractive for some upper level groups gentifiers Short answer spatial manipulation and uneven Bantustans creates situation where best lands are awarded to white south Africans and not others. Also think about restrictive covenants created inequality for blacks who were forced to live in poor neighborhoods RECALL: traditional livelihood types what they are and characteristics o shifting cultivation slash and burn in rainforest cut down trees farm land for few years then have to move environmental types NA and Africa demographic transition population pyramids colonization drivers and impacts

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Human Geography Detailed Final Exam Review

Course: Human Geography (GEOG 102)

5 Documents
Students shared 5 documents in this course

University: University of Delaware

Was this document helpful?
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY FINAL REVIEW
Part 3: Geopolitical factors behind uneven development in Africa and South Africa
Key resources for industrialization/development Maps 8-12
NATURAL RESOURCES
-Petroleum : linear across northern Africa and in curve near Nigeria and Niger River
-Iron Ore : northwest coast and south Africa
-Coal : South Africa
-
Measures of development maps 13-18
Least Developed Countries – center Africa
-Low-income
-Human resource weakness
-Economic vulnerability
Countries w/ Greatest Poverty – central African countries
Highest Infant Mortality Rates – central African countries
Largest Labor Force of Children – central African countries
Highest % of Population Under Age 15 – central African countries
-Shows stage 2 of demographical model – developing country
Highest Population Density in Africa – inner curve, eastern coast, central
All of this shows these countries do NOT have good access to education, health care,
jobs, and a clean/useable environment
LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Geography of Wealth & Poverty map 14
Sach’s argument: poorest countries lie in Tropics region and are landlocked, wealthiest in
Temperate regions

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