Skip to document
Welcome to StudocuSign in to access the best study resources
Guest user
0followers
HomeMy LibraryAsk AI
  • You don't have any recent items yet.
My Library
  • You don't have any courses yet.
  • You don't have any books yet.
  • You don't have any Studylists yet.

NSG 311 Exam 4 Study Guide

Course

Alterations in Adult Health 1 (NSG 311)

5 Documents
Students shared 5 documents in this course
Academic year: 2020/2021
Uploaded by:
Student
Kaylee Argabright
West Virginia University
0followers
3Uploads
4upvotes

Comments

Please sign in or register to post comments.

Students also viewed

Related documents

Related Studylists

advanced med surge

Preview text

NSG 311 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapter 32: Assessment of Hematologic Function and Treatment Modalities

Pages Professor Spencer said to review: 903, 905, 906, 906, 906, 908, 909, 909, 913, 914

 Anemia – decreased red blood cell count  Band cell – slightly immature neutrophil count  Blast cell – primitive white blood cell  Cytokines – proteins produced by leukocytes that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses  Differentiation – development of functions and characteristics that are different from those of the parent stem cell  Erythrocyte – a cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide  Erythropoiesis – formation of red blood cells  Erythropoietin – hormone produced primarily by the kidney; necessary for erythropoiesis  Fibrin – filamentous protein, basis of thrombus and blood clots  Fibrinogen – protein converted into fibrin to form thrombus and clot  Fibrinolysis – process of breakdown of fibrin clot  Granulocyte – granulated WBC  Hematocrit – percentage of total blood volume consisting of RBCs  Hematopoiesis – complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells  Hemoglobin – iron-containing protein of RBCs; delivers oxygen to tissues  Hemostasis – intricate balance between clot formation and clot dissolution  Histocytes – cells present in all loose connective tissue, capable of phagocytosis  Leukocyte – one of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body  Leukopenia – less-than-normal amount of WBCs in circulation  Lymphocyte – form of WBC involved in immune functions  Lymphoid – pertaining to lymphocytes  Macrophage – reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytes  Monocyte – large WBC that becomes a macrophage when it leaves the circulation and moves into body tissues  Myeloid – pertaining to nonlymphoid blood cells that differentiate into RBCs, platelets, macrophages, mast cells, and various WBCs  Myelopoiesis – formation of maturation of cells derived from myeloid stem cells  Natural killer cells – immune cells that accumulate in lymphoid tissue that are potent killers of virus infected and cancer cells

 Neutrophil – fully mature WBC capable of phagocytosis  Nucleated RBC – immature form of a RBC  Oxyhemoglobin – combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin; found in arterial blood  Phagocytosis – process of cellular ingestion and digestion of foreign bodies  Plasma – liquid portion of blood  Plasminogen – protein converted to plasmin to dissolve thrombi and clots  Platelet – a cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation  Red blood cell – cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide  Reticulocytes – slightly immature RBCs, usually only 1% of total circulating RBCs  Reticuloendothelial system – complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis  Serum – portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs  Stem cell – primitive cell, capable of cellular replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cell  Stroma – component of the bone marrow not directly related to hematopoiesis, but serves important supportive roles in this process  Thrombocyte – a cellular component of blood involved in blood coagulation  White blood cell – one of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body

 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System o Blood consists of three primary blood types  Erythrocytes (RBCs)Leukocytes (WBCs)Thrombocytes (Platelets) o Hematopoiesis is the need for the body to replenish its supply of cells is continuous  The PRIMARY SITE for hematopoiesis is the BONE MARROW o Blood makes up approximately 7% to 10% of the normal body weight and amounts to 5 to 6 L of volume o The balance between the two systems – clot formation and clot dissolution – is called hemostasis  Blood Cells o Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)  Mature erythrocytes are a biconcave disc that resembles a soft ball compressed between two fingers

o Common tests of COAGULATION are protamine (PT), national normalized ratio (INR), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)  Blood Donation o Requirements for blood donation  There is upper NO AGE LIMIT to blood donationNeed to have a body weight of at least 110 lbsPeople younger than 17 years of age must have PARENT CONSENTThe oral temperature should not exceed 99The systolic pressure should be 80-180 mmHg, and diastolic pressure should be 50-100 mmHgHemoglobin level of at least 12 g/dL  Splenectomy o The surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) is a possible treatment for some hematologic disorders o The patient should be instructed to seek IMMEDIATE MEDICAL ATTENTION for even minor symptoms of INFECTION  Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation o Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a therapeutic modality that offers the possibility of cure for some patients with hematologic disorders such as severe aplastic anemia, some forms of leukemia, and thalassemia

Chapter 33: Management of Patients with Nonmalignant Hematologic Disorders

Pages Professor Spencer said to review: 925, 928, 930, 931, 931, 934, 947, 945, 947, 950, 951, 956, 963

 Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) – a calculation of the number of circulating neutrophils, derived from the total white blood cells and the percentage of neutrophils counted in a microscope’s visual field  Anemia – decreased red blood cell count  Aplasia – lack of cellular development  Cytokines – proteins produced by leukocytes that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses  Erythrocyte – a cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide  Erythroid cells – any cell that is or will become a mature RBC  Erythropoietin – hormone produced primarily by the kidney

 Haptoglobin – blood protein synthesized by the liver; binds free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes, which is then removed by the reticuloendothelial system  Hemolysis – destruction of RBCs; can occur within or outside of the vasculature  Hemosiderin – iron-containing pigment derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin  Hypochromia – pallor within the RBC caused by decreased hemoglobin content  Leukemia – uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs; often immature  Lymphopenia – a lymphocyte count less than 1,500/mm  Megaloblastic anemia – a type of anemia characterized by the presence of abnormally large, nucleated RBCs  Microcytosis – smaller-than-normal RBCs  Neutropenia – lower-than-normal number of neutrophils  Normochromic – normal RBC color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin  Normocytic – normal size of RBC  Pancytopenia – abnormal decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets  Petechiae – tiny capillary hemorrhages  Poikilocytosis – variation in shape of RBCs  Polycythemia – excess RBCs  Reticulocytes – slightly immature RBCs, usually on 1% of total circulating RBCs  Spherocytes – small, spherically shaped erythrocytes  Thrombocytopenia – lower-than-normal platelet count  Thrombocytosis – higher-than-normal platelet count

 Anemia o Anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin concentration is lower than normal; it reflects the presence of fewer than normal number of RBCs within the circulation o Classifications of AnemiaHypoproliferative Anemia  The bone marrow does not produce adequate numbers of erythrocytes  Hemolytic Anemia  Premature destruction of erythrocytes  The released hemoglobin converted in large part to bilirubin and, therefore, the bilirubin concentration rises  Bleeding  Patient with Anemia Assessment o Weakness, pallor, fatigue, and general malaise are common in patients with anemia

 Vitamin B12/Folic Acid Deficiency o Folic acid requirements are increased in people with liver disease, chronic hemolytic anemias, and women who are pregnant o Vitamin B12 deficiency is normally caused by lack in diet o Vitamin B12 deficiency is often called pernicious anemia o Vegans are the most common patients with this issue; can prevent with oral supplements or fortified soy milk  Bleeding Disorders o Failure of normal hemostatic mechanisms can result in bleeding; commonly provoked by trauma o The bone marrow may be stimulated to increase platelet production (thrombopoesis) o Because platelets are primarily responsible for stopping bleeding , patients with platelet defects develop PETECHIAE (blood spots on skin) o NORMAL PLATELET count is 30,000/mm3 to 50,000/mm

o  Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura o ITP is a disease that affects people of all ages, but is more common among children and young women o Other names are idiopathic thrombocytopenia/immune thrombocytopenia o Common manifestations are heavy periods, bruises, and petechiae o NORMAL PLATELET count is 30,000/mm3 to 50,000/mm o Nurse needs to watch forSulfa-containing drugsNSAIDsAspirin  Platelet Defects o A platelet function analyzer is used to evaluate platelet function  Peripheral smear evaluation o Aspirin may induce a platelet disorder

 Elimination – phase of digestive process that occurs after digestion and absorption, when waste products are evacuated from the body  Hydrochloric acid – acid secreted by the glands in the stomach, mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria  Ingestion – phase of the digestive process that occurs when food is taken into the GI tract via the mouth and esophagus  Intrinsic factor – a gastric secretion that combines with vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed  Large intestine – the portion of the GI tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins  Lipase – an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats  Small intestine – longest portion of the GI tract, consisting of the three parts - duodenum, jejunum, and ileum  Stomach – distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes  Trypsin – enzyme that aids in the digestion of protein

 Function of the Digestive System o Breakdown of food particles into the molecular form for digestion o Absorption into the bloodstream of small nutrient molecules produced by digestion o Elimination of the undigested unabsorbed foodstuffs and other waste products  Gastric Function o The stomach, which stores and mixes food, secretes a highly acidic fluid in response to the presence or ingestion of food o Pepsin , an important enzyme for PROTEIN DIGESTION , is the end product of the conversion of pepsinogen from the chief cells

 Hepatic encephalopathy – central nervous system dysfunction frequently associated with elevated ammonia levels that produce changes in mental status, altered level of consciousness, and coma  Jaundice – condition where the body tissues, including the sclera and the skin, become tinged yellow or greenish yellow, due to high bilirubin levels  Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) – grafting of a donor liver into the normal anatomic location, with removal the diseased native liver  Portal hypertension – elevated pressure in the portal circulation resulting from obstruction of venous flow into and through the liver  Sclerotherapy – the injection of substances into or around esophagogastric varices to cause constriction, thickening, and hardening of the vessel and stop bleeding  Xenograft – transplantation of organs from one species to another

 Assessment o If liver function tests are abnormal, the patient is evaluated for liver disease o A health history includes the past medical history of the patient to help identify risk factors for developing liver disease o Symptoms that suggest liver disease

 Jaundice, malaise, weakness, fatigue, anorexia, weight gain, edema, increasing abdominal girth, easy bruising, personality changes, sleep disturbances, decreased libido in men o Nurse observes the skin for petechiae, spider angioma, asterixis (abnormal flapping of hands), tremor o Nurse presses hand under lower rib cage and presses down lightly with the other hand to palpate the liver

o If liver is palpable, the nurse should note and record its consistency, tenderness, and whether the outline is enlarged  Liver Function Tests o Function is generally measured in terms of serum enzyme activity o Serum amniotransferases are sensitive indicators of injury of liver cells and are useful in detecting acute liver disease, such as hepatitis o Most frequently used tests for liver damageAlanine aminotransferase (ALT)Asparate aminotransferase (AST)

 An ABDOMINAL FLUID WAVE is likely to be found, if a large amount of fluid is present  Recording of ABDOMIANL GIRTH MEASUREMENT and DAILY WEIGHTS are needed  Diuretics to get rid of excessive fluid ( furosemide/spiralactone for potassium sparing )  KNOW THIS!

 Hepatitis A o Infectious hepatitis (HAV) o Transmitted through the fecal-oral route o BEST WAY TO PREVENT is WASH YOUR HANDS!!!! SHE SAID THIS 100 TIMES IN CLASS!!!! Proper control of sewer disposal, safe water supplies  Hepatitis B o Transmitted through saliva, blood, and vaginal secretions o Can be transferred from mother to infant o Get VACCINATED to prevent it  Hepatitis C o Transmitted by blood transfusion and sexual contact o MOST COMMON in IV DRUG USERS because they SHARE NEEDLES o Rest and diet CANNOT HELP! Only antiviral drugs can treat this o MOST SERIOUS of the 3

Was this document helpful?

NSG 311 Exam 4 Study Guide

Course: Alterations in Adult Health 1 (NSG 311)

5 Documents
Students shared 5 documents in this course

University: West Virginia University

Was this document helpful?
NSG 311 Exam 4
Study Guide
Chapter 32: Assessment of Hematologic Function and Treatment Modalities
Pages Professor Spencer said to review: 903, 905, 906, 906, 906, 908, 909, 909, 913, 914
Anemia – decreased red blood cell count
Band cell – slightly immature neutrophil count
Blast cell – primitive white blood cell
Cytokines – proteins produced by leukocytes that are vital to regulation of
hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses
Differentiation – development of functions and characteristics that are different from
those of the parent stem cell
Erythrocyte – a cellular component of blood involved in the transport of oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Erythropoiesis – formation of red blood cells
Erythropoietin – hormone produced primarily by the kidney; necessary for
erythropoiesis
Fibrin – filamentous protein, basis of thrombus and blood clots
Fibrinogen – protein converted into fibrin to form thrombus and clot
Fibrinolysis – process of breakdown of fibrin clot
Granulocyte – granulated WBC
Hematocrit – percentage of total blood volume consisting of RBCs
Hematopoiesis – complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells
Hemoglobin – iron-containing protein of RBCs; delivers oxygen to tissues
Hemostasis – intricate balance between clot formation and clot dissolution
Histocytes – cells present in all loose connective tissue, capable of phagocytosis
Leukocyte – one of several cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body
Leukopenia – less-than-normal amount of WBCs in circulation
Lymphocyte – form of WBC involved in immune functions
Lymphoid – pertaining to lymphocytes
Macrophage – reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytes
Monocyte – large WBC that becomes a macrophage when it leaves the circulation and
moves into body tissues
Myeloid – pertaining to nonlymphoid blood cells that differentiate into RBCs, platelets,
macrophages, mast cells, and various WBCs
Myelopoiesis – formation of maturation of cells derived from myeloid stem cells
Natural killer cells – immune cells that accumulate in lymphoid tissue that are potent
killers of virus infected and cancer cells
1

Students also viewed

Related documents