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LIFE Orientation Grade 12 Guide FOR Learners IN Preparation
Physical Sciences III
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These notes should not replace any teaching but should assist learners in their preparation for the final exam in
LIFE ORIENTATION
GRADE 12
NCS 2013
STUDY NOTES
STRESS
These notes should not replace any teaching but should assist learners in their preparation for the final exam in
What is stress? Stress is what we feel in situations we find difficult, challenging or
even frightening. When we feel we can’t cope with the situation.
What is good stress? Stress that makes you ready for action as it gives you
adrenalin and energy. E. When you have to stand in front of the class and speak.
It is for a short term and you can have sweaty palms and a dry mouthy or butterflies
in your tummy.
What is bad stress? If the stress is more than you can cope with, it is unhealthy. You
may become ill, unhappy and depressed. You are not able to do your task as well as
you could. You will have headaches or will not be able to sleep.
What is a stressor? A stressor is anything, event or person that causes stress. It is
the things that trigger stress
Symptoms of stress:
Short term effects: Faster breathing/faster heart rate/dry mouth
Sweaty palms/tension in your neck/butterflies in your tummy
Long term effects: High blood pressure/headaches/ulcers/allergies etc.
Types of stressors:
Physical: caused by physical harm, such as violence and sexual abuse.
Environmental: caused by factors like extreme weather or pollution.
Personality bases: people who are more prone to stress than others.
Social: caused by the people around you e. peer pressure.
Emotional: caused by your emotions e. relationship problems.
Why is it important to manage stress? Your body produce cortisol and adrenalin.
These are 2 stress hormones. Cortisol is the hormone produced by fear, results in
anxiety. Adrenalin- is the hormone that prepares the body to react physically to a
threat. If you fail to manage your stress your body can produce too much of the
hormones for too long. The stress will damage your body and change to chronic
diseases like high blood pressure.
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Poor management/poor planning by
Supervisors or managers.
Lack of skills from other workers.
Poor work relations between management and workers
Poor relations between workers
Poor work environment
Incompetent workers
Jealousy
Autocracy by management
Tasks are demanding
Poor attitude of seniors (no support )
Poor resources to do proper job
Poor work ethics by workers
Understaffed
Poor benefits
Low salary
How to manage stress ( NB!!!! For long questions in exam) Behaviours, techniques, strategies and examples of ways in which stress can be managed:
Meditation is a one of the natural methods of relieving stress. Simple deep breathing exercises can assist tremendously in relieving stress. Meditation helps to calm the mind. Exercise and eat healthy foods regularly. Eat healthy foods and exercise at least 3 times a week. Avoid excess caffeine intake which can increase feelings of anxiety and agitation. Don't use illegal drugs, alcohol and tobacco. Learn relaxation exercises (abdominal breathing and muscle relaxation techniques). Develop assertiveness training skills. For example, state feelings in polite, firm, and not overly aggressive or passive ways ("I feel angry
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when you yell at me" "Please stop yelling"). Rehearse and practice situations which cause stress. One example is taking a speech class, if talking in front of a class makes you anxious. Learn practical and effective coping skills. For example, break a large task into smaller, more attainable tasks. Decrease negative self talk. Challenge negative thoughts about yourself with alternative neutral or positive thoughts. "My life will never get better" can be transformed into "I may feel hopeless now, but my life will probably get better if I work at it and get some help." Learn to feel good about doing a competent job rather than demanding perfection from yourself and others. Take a break from stressful situations. Activities like listening to music, talking to a friend, drawing, writing, or spending time with a pet can reduce stress. Build a network of friends who help you cope in a positive way... A stress journal can help you identify the regular stressors in your life and the way you deal with them. Each time you feel stressed; keep track of it in your journal. As you keep a daily log, you will begin to see patterns and common themes. Write down: Analyse your stress:
- What caused your stress (make a guess if you’re unsure)?
- How you felt, both physically and emotionally.
- How you acted in response.
- What you did to make yourself feel better. Not all stress can be avoided, and it’s not healthy to avoid a situation that needs to be addressed. You may be surprised, however, by the number of stressors in your life that you can eliminate. Learn how to say “no” – Know your limits and stick to them. Whether in your personal or professional life, refuse to accept added responsibilities when you’re close to reaching them. Taking on more than you can handle is a sure recipe for stress and can lead to burn out. Avoid people who stress you out – If someone consistently causes stress in your life and you can’t turn the relationship around, limit the amount of time you spend with that person or end the relationship entirely. Plan: Take control of your environment – If the evening news makes you anxious, turn the TV off. If traffic’s got you tense, take a longer but less- travelled route. If going to the market is an unpleasant chore, do your grocery shopping online. . Pare down your to-do list – Analyze your schedule, responsibilities, and daily tasks. If you’ve got too much on your plate, distinguish between the “shoulds” and the “musts.” Drop tasks that aren’t truly necessary to the bottom of the list or eliminate them entirely
PERSONAL MISSION STATEMENT
What is a Personal mission statement?
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Your religion is what you believe and who or what you worship. Religions usually
have moral codes, rituals and ways of behaving towards others. Religion is based on
faith and a belief in
Ideologies are an organised set of beliefs, values and ideas. They are the way you
believe you should live in the world and the way society should operate. Political
ideologies include democracy, communism, nationalism, and fascism.
Lifestyle (physical and emotional well-being)
Your lifestyle is how you live your life on a daily basis. For example, you may
exercise regularly, eat healthy food, practise safe sex, and not drink alcohol so that
you care for you physical well-being and health.
Environmental responsibility
If you take your responsibility towards the environment seriously, you know you need
to treat nature with respect. You do not do anything that is harmful to the nvironment,
such as litter or chop down trees, without planting new trees. You recycle and get involved in environmental clean-up campaigns.
Goals for studies and career choices
Your goals for studies and career choices are your plans for the future, the steps you
need to take to achieve your later goals in life. For example, your goal may be to
have a good job and to own your own house in ten years’ time..
To have a vision about your future gives you a direction about who you want to be or
what you want to achieve in 5 to10 years’ time, even in 30 years’ time. You vision is
your dream. It is a mental picture of what the future will or could be like. It is what will make your life exciting and fulfilling. Make your vision ambitious. It doesn’t
necessarily have to be practical. It may even seem a bit crazy now. Dream big! A
mission statement is more practical; it focuses on your actions, behaviour, and plans
to achieve your dream.
Study plan for Grade 12
Possible exam
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Process of assessment and examination writing skills:
What is assessment?
It is the continuous planned process of gathering information on achievement.
Why assess?
It identifies how you cope with new knowledge, content and skills.
Different types of assessment?
Formative assessment: happens when you are working on something and helps you and your teacher work out how you are coping. Summative assessment: this happens at the end of a term, chapter or project. It measures how you manage over a period of time. Self-assessment: you assess yourself.
Studying methods and planning
The SQ3 method:
It stands for Survey, Read, Recall and Review. It is a very effective way of studying as it helps to embed the learning material in your memory. You begin to survey your learning material in a broader context. You get an overall idea of what the work is about. Look at headings and sub-headings. The next step is to -read You read the chapter As your read you recall what you have read by asking and answering questions to yourself Review: put what you have read in a mind map If you battle start from the beginning or where you got lost.
Strategize your study time:
Plan your study time Where, when and what and how are you going to study? Planning is important so that you have enough time to study all the work efficient and effective. Prioritizing your daily activities. For example is watching your favourite program going to add value to your life and help you pass examinations. Is having sufficient sleep important to concentrate in class.
Prepare yourself for an exam
Start studying long before the time.
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- Hand Writing – Keep the hand writing legible. If the examiner cannot read your writing you will lose marks. Do not do too much scratching around on the paper. This really makes the paper look dirty.
- Margins - Draw margins on both side of the paper. This is generally very important that your answers are in the centre of the answer paper and visible properly. The best time to do it is the time when you get the answer sheets and before you get the question paper, so this does not waste any time of attempting the paper.
- Figures – Generally you can draw figures with pen. But preferably draw them with pencil. Generally a free hand diagram would do in an engineering paper but when done with a pencil is much easier to correct and change than a one drawn with pen. And it looks much neater.
- Rough Work – Do not do rough work of any kind just next to the sum. Do the rough work in the margin. Or you could just mark the last page as rough work and do all the rough work there.
- Sub Question – All the sub question of a question should be attempted in a sequential order. If you do not know a sub question leave appropriate place for it .Do not attempt the sub question anywhere else. This would be highly irritating for the examiner. He might not even check that answer.
All these small things do not take up a lot of time during the paper but if not done they make the paper untidy. Due to this the examiner might not be able to read exactly what you have written and it might affect your marks drastically. So do keep these tips in mind.
Key exam question words and their meanings
Key word Meaning
analyse Break up into separate parts and discuss, examine, interpret, explore and investigate each part. Say how each part is important. Explain how the parts are linked or related.
apply Use in practical way. When you apply you show in a practical way what your understanding is. Use your knowledge and understanding of the topic to make it relevant to a situation, issue or problem.
assess Judge or estimate the nature, quality or value of something. Make a value judgement that you justify by giving reasons.
calculate You need to get to an answer by using numbers. You will add, subtract, multiply or divide numbers to reach an answer.
comment Give your opinion on, explain or criticise. Make a judgement based upon the evidence.
compare Look at two or more things. Identify similarities and differences. See how they are the same, and how they are different. Focus more on similarities than differences.
complete Add the missing information.
consider Think about and give your opinion.
contrast Focus on the differences between two or more things. Show them in opposition to each
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other.
create Put together ideas or parts to develop an original idea; engage in creative thinking; offer a novel or new suggestion or item.
criticise You need to make judgements to show your own ideas and evaluation.
critically analyse
Show approval or disapproval, or find mistakes or faults, and merits or good aspects; give reasons.
define You need to give the exact meaning of the term or words. Definitions are short and exact. This is not a discussion.
describe Give an account of something where you recall what you have learned or state what you observed.
determine Find out the facts. For example, determine how many learners in Grade 11 do physical exercise more than four times a week.
discuss Write about something; compare a number of possible views about an issue or problem. Debate, consider, and argue the issues. Include comparisons and contrasts, look at pros and cons. Say what you think about the topic. Give a full answer in sentences, not just a list in point form. Always give a conclusion.
do you think
Give your OWN opinions about an issue or problem. Pay attention to the reason you give and arguments you offer; you will not be given marks just for an opinion. Provide well- reasoned or logical reasons for your opinions, based on facts.
enumerate This is the same as list. Give a number of points.
evaluate Give your own opinion and /or the opinions of others. Give evidence to support your evaluation. Give an indication of the amount, quality or value of something. Compare a number of possible views about an issue or problem. Make judgements based on facts.
examine Carefully look at something and in detail so you can comment on it. Break down an issue or problem into smaller parts to understand it. Then explain what you have learned.
explain Give details, describe, make clear, make it understandable. Make something plain or simplify. Describe in detail so that it can be understood. Always give examples when you are asked to explain.
give You supply, provide, present, or offer information.
identify Recognise and name someone or something; to say who or what they are.
illustrate Give realistic examples. Explain very clearly. You can use examples and comparisons.
interpret Show your understanding of the topic, comment on it, give examples. Describe relationships, explain the meaning.
in your opinion
This asks you what you think about something or feel about something. For example, in your opinion do the youth do enough to celebrate Youth Day on the 16th of June?
list Give a short list of the points. State in the shortest way. Be brief. Do not discuss or write an essay. Usually you write items one below the other in a list.
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to answer the easy questions first.
- Failing to allocate time for each question/failing to plan your time
Allocate time to each question. Plan your exam time before you go to the exam room. Know how long you should take for the short and long questions. Allocate your time accordingly. If you fail to plan, you plan to fail!
- Misinterpreting question/producing and incoherent answer/writing too much or too little
Underline the key words in the question. Make sure you just answer what the question requires.
Not sure how to start or end question Don’t waste time by starting over and over again. The emphasis should be on the flow of your ideas. Make sure paragraphs are coherent
Writing illegible/failing to If you’re a looks like a u and your v looks like a u you will lose marks as the marker give up because he cannot read your answer. Practice your handwriting
Reading and writing too slowly Practice your reading will increase your reading speed. Practice you writing skills or you can try different types of pens and pencils.
Forgetting to write your personal particulars
Always start your exam by writing your personal detail on your exam book
Write your name and particulars on the loose pages, as a whole stack of papers may fall apart during transit
UNEMPLOYMENT
What is unemployment?
NB for exam!
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When you are willing to work, ready for work and desperately wanting a job, but
cannot get work because there are just not enough jobs around for everyone.
It is when you have no work or career.
What causes unemployment?
When jobs close down, people get retrenched. Companies try to save cost by hiring fewer people, so people are redundant. Factories close down because people don’t buy certain products any more. Poor market related skills- people do not have skills they need for market to find job or there are jobs but not the people with the right skills to do them Corruption, which leads to ‘jobs for friends’ at overly high salaries and takes away jobs from the poor or better qualified Difficult for first-time or new entrants to enter labour market; people with experience are preferred Too many people have the same qualifications and too few posts. Buyers look for cheap imports and local people lose jobs as factories close down. When there are many unemployed people, fewer goods are produced and fewer services are provided. Investors become scared to invest their money because they may lose it, as not enough people will buy their goods or use their services In difficult economic conditions in the world or recession there will be less money available to spend on luxuries such as holidays, travel, hotel accommodation and eating out in restaurants. There will be less money to shop for luxury goods such as gifts. So hotels, restaurants and gift shops may go out of business. This leads to further unemployment, because the people, who work there, will then also be without work. Graduates’ beliefs in how much they are worth in the job market may lead them to ignore lower- paying jobs, which may be the only jobs available High costs of employment, so firms hire fewer people who do more work Jobseekers become discouraged and give up trying Lack of job search skills and information Mechanisation and computers reduce the number of people needed for jobs Higher demand than supply; meaning there are more job applicants than jobs available
Specific reasons for youth unemployment
There are specific reasons for youth unemployment. The reasons include:
Businesses prefer employees who already have skills and experience to inexperienced and unskilled youth.
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Increased violence and abuse. In families where there are money problems, the chances of domestic violence and abuse are increased Relationships will be affected. Can lead to crime and social instability Causes poverty Less taxable income for government and less money to spend on education, hospitals, police and road. Hunger and Homelessness Lack of education and training Crime Exploitation Human trafficking HIV and Aids Child abuse Exclusion and loneliness
Innovative solutions to counteract unemployment
Register on the Department of Labour database as an unemployed work seekers The Department of Labour’s work seeker database is a register of all unemployed people seeking work opportunities. To register your details on this database, you will need to visit your local Labour Centre and complete a work seeker application. The Department of Labour will provide you with a reference number and inform you of learner ships and other opportunities that arise can get contact details of Labour Centres in your areas from ; labour.gov/contacts Start working part time during school holidays and weekends and gain
experience
Volunteering: Volunteering means you help others. You give of your time and skills to others. You do not expect payment. Volunteering makes you feel good about yourself because you are doing something for somebody else. This builds confidence. It also allows you to explore your interests, abilities and skills. This might make it easier for you to choose a career. Volunteering is not only about helping people. You can also, for example, volunteer to clean up rivers or beaches, or work in an animal shelter. When you volunteer, you usually get a letter or a certificate to state what kind of work you did and for how many hours. You can add this to your CV because now you have work experience, and have shown that you are willing to help make South Africa a better place. Part-time jobs; If you work for a short while or for part of a day or week, you have a part-time job. You can gain a lot of experience through part-time jobs, because you can have more than one job at a time. For example, you may get a job to help with directing spectators to their seats at soccer matches. This job is only on certain days, so it is part time. You will build up good experience, and become skilled in different aspects of work. In addition, you will earn an income, while you build your CV, part-time job
Possible Section C
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Community work: Community work means you do something to benefit your community or a community in need. It is also a form of volunteering, but you concentrate on the needs of your community. The work is usually paid for by government or an NGO, or a religious-based organisation. For example, you may help to feed orphans or help to make a community peace garden.
Entrepreneurship; To be an entrepreneur you have to see a need and provide a service or goods that people need. This is a great way to earn money while you look for other work opportunities. If your entrepreneurship leads to success, you may turn this into your day-to-day job and also employ others.
Informal jobs are usually short term. For example, you may wash cars, do gardening, sell newspapers, make clothes, or sell fruit or sweets at the taxi rank or next to the school. Some people prefer informal employment due to its flexible hours. This allows them to balance family responsibilities. Others find this is the only work they can do to survive.
Sign up as a temporary employees (or temps). Some managers assume you’re happy as a temp, and you need to let them know that you would be happier as a full-time employee. Contact a job agency (a Google search will reveal several in your area), and set up a profile with them. Don't e-mail them - call them. Get a employment, no matter where it is, even if it's just a part time job. Whether you want to be a cashier at the local supermarket or a helper at Home Depot, you'll need to start getting some kind of income while looking for your next full time job! Don’t think that you are too smart to any job. You must start somewhere.
Financial and social viability of entrepreneurship and other employment
options
Entrepreneurship and other employment options may be the best way to earn money. The more jobs that are created the better for everyone. Draw up and
business plan and see if you have a workable solution.
SARS tax obligations (South African Revenue Services)
When you earn a salary, part of your income is taxed. This means that when you
look at job application adverts, the amount you see is not the full amount you will
earn, as tax will be deducted. When you receive any income tax is deducted. You
must register at SARS.
Income tax is the government's main source of income. Income tax is a tax levied
on all income and profits received by a taxpayer. This includes individuals,
companies and trusts. It is every citizen’s duty to pay tax. Without income tax, there
will be no services, such as roads, hospitals and schools, and the government could
not function.
These notes should not replace any teaching but should assist learners in their preparation for the final exam in
Positive communication leads to positive relationships. Our ability to communicate
with others will determine the success of our relationships with them Communication
is about understanding others and communicating our feelings, beliefs and attitudes
to them.
How do I initiate, (begin) keep friends and build the relationships?
Initiate relationships: You will be in a new place next year. You might not know anybody. So it will be up to you to start new friendships. A good way to break the ice
when you meet new people is to make sure you hear their names. Ask them about
their names or what they mean. Then ask them a little about themselves because
people do like to talk about themselves.
- You can also start a conversation by talking about neutral subjects if the person is shy. Try to remember the name of the person, so the next time you see them, they feel special because you remembered them.
- Be willing to share a little about yourself, but don’t talk about yourself all the time. Avoid boasting or showing off. People don’t like braggers.
- Keep up to date with the latest news and topics that people are discussing. If people find you are informed and interesting, they will enjoy talking to you.
Characteristics and skills of positive relationships:Good relationships help us
throughout tough times in our lives. Forming and maintaining good relationships
doesn’t come easy. You have to look for some qualities and skills and
characteristics in the person with whom you are forming a relationship. What are
they?
Skills needed by good communicator
Ability to communicate
Ability to listen
Sympathetic
Not expecting all to have the same view as you
Characteristics and qualities • Ability to give and take
- Unselfish
- Mutual respect
- Tolerant
- Caring/Supporting
- Respect for others and the work they do
- Can work in a team
- Understanding how others think
- Ability to be yourself
These notes should not replace any teaching but should assist learners in their preparation for the final exam in
Build and sustain positive relationships with good communication and
listening skills.
In relationships good communication helps to build good relationships. There are
some good and not so good ways of communication with people.
Effective communication Ineffective ways to communicate Listen attentively and show empathy Not listening to the other person
Listen without judging Interrupt the other person Understand before your respond Being judge mental and jumping to conclusions Speaking clearly without being emotional Being emotional and overreacting Understanding the feeling of the other person
Sarcastic responses or defensive behaviour Show with your body that you are listening e. nod your head to show you listen or agree
Fold your arms and turn away and look around when the person is talking
Build and sustain positive relationships: communicate your feelings, beliefs
and attitudes.
There are different factors that can affect how well we communicate. Your feelings,
what you believe and your attitude are all part of who you are. If you communicate
your feelings and show your humanity, then people can understand you better.
Your beliefs are part of who you are, and it is important to express them. It is important that you are free to communicate these aspects. However, never hold and
express beliefs and attitudes that go against our constitutional values. Express your
feelings, beliefs and attitudes, but avoid imposing or forcing them on others. Every
person is entitled to have his or her own views.
Factors that influence effective communication:
Personality: The way you act, behave, and react and your attitudes all form part of your personality. Remember that we all act in a certain way in a certain situation.
Sometimes a shy person is seen as boring and uninteresting until you get to know him or her. Other people are extraverts and they might intimidate you with their way of communication. Other people hide behind their “weaknesses” by seeking attention all the time and they need to be the centre of attention own personality will determine whether you are attracted of put off by the other persons way of communicating.
Attitudes and values: If you have an attitude (you think and act) that you are better than others, if will affect communication. If you think that only your ideas, beliefs and values are right and you do not show respect, you will not be a good
LIFE Orientation Grade 12 Guide FOR Learners IN Preparation
Course: Physical Sciences III
University: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
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