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HWRE - Notes
Civil Engineering (CE)
Anna University
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HYDROLOGY &WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
(CE503PC)
COURSE PLANNER
I. COURSEOVERVIEW:
This course address the concept of present science of the practice of irrigation engineering which comprising partially all the modern developments which occurs in irrigation purpose. In this mainly the units are taken as metric unit which covers the total area which need for irrigation. In this we can know about water requirement of crops by hydrology, ground water, reservoir water and rain water storing. By this water recourses engineering we can know about design of irrigation structures and planning of reservoir as for floodcontrol
II. PREREQUISITE(S):
Level Credits Periods/Week Prerequisites UG 4 5 Fluid mechanics. III. COURSEOBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, the students will be able to: i. Apply concepts of hydrologic cycle and precipitation and its applications ii how to measure base flow and find the analysis of base flowseparation iii. Evaluate the unit, S, SUH and synthetichydrograph. iv. Design the discharge of floodfrequency v. Apply the concept of ground water and itsoccurrence
IV. COURSEOUTCOMES:
After completing this course the student must demonstrate the knowledge and ability to: 1. Analyze the importance of hydrology, able to calculate the average rainfall over abasin. 2. Understand the infiltration methods, evaporation andevapotranspiration apply hydrograph base flow concept, 3. Understand the concept of ground water and itsoccurrence. Know the about the complete concept of welldevelopment. 4. Know the importance of irrigation, types andmethods. 5. Analyze soil-water plant relationship, duty & delta and factors affectingthem. Analyze the design of canals by using differentmethods
V. HOW PROGRAM OUTCOMES AREASSESSED:
Program Outcomes Level Proficiency assessed by PO Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
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Assignments, Tutorials. PO Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences
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Assignments, Tutorials, Exams. PO Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
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Assignments, Tutorials, Exams PO Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
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Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
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Assignments, Exams PO The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and theconsequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
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Environment and sustainability: Understand theimpact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstratethe knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
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Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
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Assignments, Exams. PO Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
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Assignments and Exams PO Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
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Assignments and Exams
VII. SYLLABUS:
COURSE CONTENTS – AS PER JNTUH SYLLABUS
UNIT - I
Introduction: Concepts of Hydrologic cycle, Global Water Budget, Applications in Engineering. Sources of data. Precipitation Forms of precipitation, characteristics of precipitation in India, measurement of precipitation: Recording and non-recording types, rain gauge network: mean precipitation over an area: Arithmetic, Theissen’s and Isohyetal methods, Missing Rainfall Data – Estimation, Consistency of Rainfall records, depth area-duration relationships, maximum intensity/depth-duration-frequency relationship, Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP), rainfall data in India. UNIT - II Abstractions from precipitation evaporation process, evaporimeters, analytical methods of evaporation estimation, reservoir evaporation and methods for its reduction, evapotranspiration, measurement of evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration equations: Penman and Blaney & Criddle Methods, potential evapotranspiration over India, actual evapotranspiration, , interception, depression storage, infiltration, infiltration capacity, measurement of infiltration, modelling infiltration capacity, classification of infiltration capacities, infiltration indices. RunoffComponents of Runoff, Factors affecting runoff, Basin yield, SCS-CN method of estimating runoff, Flow duration curves, Mass curve of runoff – Analysis. UNIT - III Hydrographs Hydrograph – Distribution of Runoff – Hydrograph Analysis Flood Hydrograph – Effective Rainfall – Base Flow- Base Flow Separation - Direct Runoff Hydrograph Unit pulse and Unit step function - Unit Hydrograph, definition, limitations and applications of Unit hydrograph, derivation of Unit Hydrograph from Direct Runoff Hydrograph and vice versa - S-hydrograph, Synthetic Unit Hydrograph. UNIT - IV Groundwater Hydrology Occurrence, movement and distribution of groundwater, aquifers – types, Specific Yield, Permeability, Storage coefficient, Transmissibility, Darcy’s Law. Well Hydraulics - Steady radial flow into well for confined and unconfined aquifers, Recuperation tests. Well constants. Crop Water Requirements – Water requirement of crops-Crops and crop seasons in India, cropping pattern, duty and delta; Quality of irrigation water; Soil-water relationships, root zone soil water, infiltration, consumptive use, irrigation requirement, frequency of irrigation; Methods of applying water to the fields: surface, sub-surface, sprinkler and trickle / drip irrigation. UNIT - V Canal Systems: Canal systems, alignment of canals, canal losses, estimation of design discharge. Design of channels- rigid boundary channels, alluvial channels, Regime channels, Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theory of regime channels. Canal outlets: non-modular, semi-modular and modular outlets. Water logging: causes, effects and remedial measures. Lining of canals-Types of lining-Advantages and disadvantages. Drainage of irrigated lands- necessity, methods. SUGGESTED BOOKS:
TEXTBOOKS:
- Engineering hydrology by jayaram Reddy,Laxmi Publications pvt.,NewDelhi
- Irrigation and water power engineering by Punmia, Lal (2010),Laxmi publications Pvt.,
New Delhi,
REFERENCE BOOKS:
- Elementary hydrology by V.P, PHIpublications.
- Irrigation and water Resources & Water power by P.N,Standard BookHouse.
- Water Resources Engineering-I by Dr.G Ramana,Acadamic PublishingCompany
- Irrigation and water Management by Dr,Printice Hall ofIndia.
- Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures by S.K
- Applied hydrology by Ven Te Chow, David R Tata Mc GrawHill.
- Introduction to hydrology by Warren Viessvann,Jr,Garyl,PHI. NPTEL WEB COURSE: nptel.ac/downloads/105105110/ NPTEL VIDEO COURSE: nptel.ac/downloads/105105110/ # GATE SYLLABUS: Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics. IES SYLLABUS: Water resources of the globe: Multipurpose uses of Water: Soil-Plant-Water relationships, irrigation systems, water demand assessment; Storages and their yields, ground water yield and well hydraulics; Water logging, drainage design; Irrigation revenue; Design of rigid boundary canals, Lacey’s and Tractive force concepts in canal design, lining of canals; Sediment transport in canals; Non-Overflow and overflow sections of gravity dams and their design, Energy dissipaters and tail water rating; Design of headwork’s, distribution works, falls, cross-drainage works, outlets; River training Irrigation: Duty, delta, estimation of evapo-transpiration. Crop water requirements. Design of: lined and unlined canals, waterways, head works, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation system, irrigation methods. Water logging and drainage, sodicsoils.
intensity/dept h duration frequency relationship 7 Probable maximum precipitation( PMP),Rainfal l data in India ca ee.utexas/p rof/maidment/C E365KSpr15/Vis ual/DesignStor ms Small Projects/ Numericals(if any) Link Importance of probable maximum precipitation on floods Case studies,PPT and internet UNIT II 8 Evaporation process, Evaporimeter s, Analytical methods of evaporation estimation sli deshare/mu hammadsultanp ervez7/evaporat ion-and- transpiration- for-hydrology- subject eagri g/eagri50/AEN G252/pdf/lec 0 Small Projects/ Numericals(if any) Link Understanding Evaporation, Process, formulae,Hoe to reduce evaporation Case studies,PPT and internet
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Reservoir evaporation and methods for its reduction, Evapotranspir ation Small Projects/ Numericals(if any) Link 10 Measurement of evapotranspir ation,Evapotr anspiration equations, Penman and Blaney cradle methods, Small Projects/ Numericals(if any) Link 11 Potential evaporation over India,Actual evapotranspir ation,intercept ion,depressio n storage Small Projects/ Numericals(if any) Link 12 Infiltration, Infiltration capacity,measu rement of infiltration sli deshare/par imaljha90/unit- 3 - infiltration seu. ac/ft/lm/FT0_ 099/Hydrology/ .0%20Infiltration .pdf Small Projects/ Numericals(if any) Link Infiltration and its effect on runoff, factors affecting infiltration 13 modelling infiltration capacity,clasif sli deshare/par imaljha90/unit- seu. ac/ft/lm/FT0_ 099/Hydrology/ .0%20Infiltration Small Projects/ Numericals(if any) Link
ication of infiltration capacities,Infi ltration indices 3 - infiltration .pdf 14 Components of Runoff,Fctors affecting Runoff, Basin yield, sli deshare/bal a1957/runoff nptel c/content/st orage2/courses /105105110/p df/m2l03 Small Projects/ Numericals(if any) Link Processes of runoff affecting runoff. 15
SCS-CN
methods of estimating runoff Floew duration curves, Mass curve of runoff- Analysis
Unit III
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Hydrograph- Distribution of Runoff- Hydrograph analysis- Flood Hydrograph https://slideplay er/slide/ 393933/ r esearchgate t/publication/ 44596311_Unit _Hydrograph_C oncepts_Estim ation_Methods _and_Applicati ons_in_Hydrol ogical_Sciences Assignments,pro blems and exercises Understanding what is hhydrograph, unit hydrograph, derivation, S- hydrograph and synthetic hydrograph Cae study, worked examples, exercises,PP T etc
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Effective rainfall-Base flow-Base flow seperation 18 Direct runoff hydrograph unit pulse and unit step function 19 Unit hydrograph,def inition,limitatio ns and applications of hydrograph, 20 Derivation of unit hydrograph from direct runoff
infiltration 29 Consumptive use, Irrigation requirement, frequency of irrigation 30 methods of applying water to the fields https://slidepla yer/slide/ 12412255/ n rcs.usda/In ternet/FSE_DO CUMENTS/nrcs 141p2_017641. pdf Examples, exercises from real time data know about adiffernt methods of water application, sprinkler and drip irrigation Class room, PPt, examples and exercises 31 Surface, subsurface,spr inkler and trickel and drip irigation
Unit V
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Canal systems,align ment of canals,canal losses sl ideshare/L ATIFHYDERWa dho/lacey- regime-theory- irrigation- engineering nitsri .in/Department /Civil%20Engin eering/CIV_ _IHS-6th_CIVIL- Chapter- 3_Notes Practical design of existing canals and water logging projects like SRSP understanding canals, classifications, canal design,equations governing canal design, water logging, steps to prevent water logging 33 Estimation of design discharge,desi gn of channels, rigid boundary channels,alluv iam channels,Regi me channels 34 Kennedys and Laceys theory of regime channels 35 Canal outlets, non modular, semi modular and modular outlets 36 water logging,cause s, effects and remedial measures
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lining of canals, types of lining, advantaged and dis advantages 38 Drainage of of irrigated lands,necessit h and methods II Mid examinations MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENTOF PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFICOUTCOMES: Course Objectiv es Program Outcomes Program Specific P O
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I H S S S S S S H S S H S S S S
II H S S S S S H S H S S S S S H
III H S S S S S H S H S S S S S H
IV H S H H S H S H S H H S H S H
V H S H S S S H H S H S S S H H
- Bring out the difference between evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration and consumptive use. Remember & Understand
2
- Explain energy budget method of computing lake evaporation. What are its limitations? Remember & Understand
2
UNIT-II
SHORT QUESTIONS
S Question Blooms Taxonomy Level Course Outcome
- Explain hydrograph analysis? Understand 4
- What do you mean by base flow? Understand 3
- What do you understand about flood hydrograph? Understand 3
- Define return period and exceedence probability? Understand 4
- Define Unit hydrograph? Understand & Remember
4
- What is recession time? Remember 3
- Write Dicken’s formula for flood discharge. Understand & Remember
4
- What is flood frequency? Remember 4
- What is basin lag?show in the graph? Understand & Remember
4
- What are ungauged rivers? Remember 3 LONG QUESTIONS S Question Blooms Taxonomy Level Course Outcome
- Define unit hydrograph. What are the assumptions underlying the unit hydrograph theory. Understand 4
- What does the word unit refer to in the unit hydrograph? Explain with sketches what do you understand by the principle of linearity and principle of time invariance in the unit hydrograph theory? Understand 4
- Describe how recession constants of direct runoff and base flow curves are obtained from a semi log arithmetic plot. Understand 4
- Describe with the help of neat sketches any three methods of separation of base flow from the hydrograph of runoff (i. stream flow hydrograph) indicating the situation under which you advocate them Understand 4
- How is runoff estimated using Strange’s tables and Barlow’s tables Understand & Remember
4
What are the various components of runoff? Describe how each component is derived in the runoff process. Understand 3
State the significance of inflection point on recession side of the hydrograph. Also explain the different factors that effect the shape of the hydrograph. Remember 3
Describe the method of deriving unit hydrograph from complex storms. Remember 4
The peak discharge and time to peak in a 3 h unit hydrograph derived for a basin of area 250 km2 with L = 30 km and Lc = 14 km are 50m3 /s and 9 h respectively. Assuming that Snyder's synthetic unit hydrograph applies determine the coefficient Ct and Cp. Determine the 2 h unit hydrograph for the upper 180 km2 of the same Understand 3 watershed which has L= 20km and Lc = 11 km.
Define unit hydrograph. What are the assumptions underlying the unit hydrograph theory. Understand 4 UNIT-III SHORT QUESTIONS S Question Blooms Taxonomy Level Course Outcome
Define specific retention? Understand 5
Define Permeability? Understand 5
Define transmissibility? Understand 5
Define Storage coefficient? Understand &Remember
6
- What are the types of wells? Understand &Remember
6
- Define aquifuge and give the examples. Understand 5
- What are the parameters considered in aquifer .name them. Understand &Remember
5
- What do you mean by unconfined aquifer? Remember 5
- What do mean by radial flow .give an example Understand & Remember
5
- Which type of flow is generally considered in the aquifer. Understand& Remember
5
LONG QUESTIONS
S Question Blooms Taxonomy Level Course Outcome
Distinguish between Groundwater and Perched groundwater. Understand 5
Distinguish between Open wells and tube wells. Understand 6
Distinguish between Water table and artesian aquifers. Understand 5
Distinguish between Confined aquifer and water table aquifer Understand 5
Distinguish between Permeability and transmissibility. Understand 5
(a) Why soil is necessary for plant life. Explain the classification of soils based on geological process of formation. Understand 8
Write down the classification of irrigation water based on sodium absorption ratio and its suitability for irrigation. Understand 7
What is meant by duty and delta of canal water? Derive a relation between duty and delta for a given base period. Understand 8 UNIT-V SHORT QUESTIONS S Question Blooms Taxonomy Course Outcome Level
What are the merits of Lacey's theory? Remember & Understand
9
- Why do we need to provide side slopes for canals? Understand 9
- What do you understand about SCS curve? Understand & Remember
9
- What is meant by depression storage? Remember 9
- What do you know about Gumbels method of flood frequency analysis? Remember & Understand
9
- What is lacey’s theory? Remember & Understand
9
- What do you mean by canal? Remember 9
- What do you mean by reservoir? Remember 9
- What are the types of canals? Understand 9
- What is flood frequency? Understand 9 LONG QUESTIONS S Question Blooms Taxonomy Level Course Outcome
- Why is Lacey’s conception is superior to that of Kennedy’s? Understand 9
- What do you understand by Initial and final regime of channels? Remember 9
- When do you classify the channel as having attained regime condition? Understand 9
- Describe briefly the observations of Lacey on the regime of river. Remember 9
- What is the necessity of drainage below the lining? Discuss the various drainage and pressure release arrangements. Remember 9
- Using Lacey’s basic regime equations derive an expression for Lacey’s scour depth. Understand & Remember
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- What is meant by scour? What precautions do you take against it during the design of weirs? Remember 9
- Explain the mid-section method of computing the discharge in a stream. Remember 9
- Design a trapezoidal shaped concrete lined channel to carry a discharge of 100 cumecs at a slope of 25 cm/km. The side slopes of the channel are 1:1. The value of N may be taken as 0. Assume the limiting velocity as 1/sec. Understand & Remember
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- What is Khosla’s safe exit gradient? Understand & Remember
9
XI. OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:JNTUH
UNIT I
Rain shadow region in India is found tothe a) west ofwesternghats (b) east of westernghats (c) west ofeasternghats (d) south ofHimalayas.
Double mass curve technique isused (a) to prepare the rainfall hyetograph from the rainfall masscurve (b) to prepare the rainfall mass curve from the rainfallhyetograph (c) to check the consistency of record at a suspected raingaugestation (d) in developing isohyetalmaps.
TheThiessenweightsof4raingaugesA,B,CandDcoveringariverbasinare0,0, 0 and 0 respectively. If the average depth of rainfall for the basin is 5 cm, and the rainfalls recorded at B, C and D are 5 cm. 4 cm and 5 cm respectively. What is the rainfall at A? (a) 5 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 8 cm.
In which of the following the snow density would bemaximum? (a) fresh powder snow (b) virgin snow (c) coarse snow (d) packed snow in glaciers.
According to Dalton’s law, evaporation is proportionalto (a) the vapour pressuregradient 0 (b) the difference between the saturation vapour pressure at 100 C and the actualvapour pressure 0 (c) the difference between the actual vapour pressure and the saturation vapour pressure at 0C (d) the difference between the saturation vapour pressure at a given temperature andthe 0 saturation vapour pressure at 0 C.
The salinity in water (a) reducesthe evaporation (b) does not affectevaporation (c) increases the evaporation (d) difficult to say.
For supplying water to rabi crop, kharif crop and sugarcane, the channel is designed for a capacity equal to the greater of the water requirementof a) rabiorkharif b) rabi and kharif orsugarcane c) rabi and sugarcane or kharifandsugarcane d) rabi or kharif orsugarcane
The amount of irrigation water required to meet the evapotranspiration needs of thecrop
When surface of transpiration is submerged under water, then potential evapotranspirationis a) much morethanevapotranspiration b) much less thanevapotranspiration c) equalto evapotranspiration d) equal to or less thanevapotranspiration
Unit of runoff in M.K. systemis a) cubicmetre/sec b)metre/sec c) cubicmetre d) square metre
Transmissivity is also calledas.
Aquitard is a geographicformationhaving.
Types ofaquifers are and.
Aquifuge is a geographicformationhaving.
Aquiclude is a geographicformationhaving.
UNIT IV
- An artesian aquifer is the onewhere a) water surface under the ground is at atmosphericpressure b) water is under pressure between two imperviousstrata c) water table serves as upper surface of zone of saturation d) none of theabove
- A deepwell a) is always deeper than ashallow well b) has more discharge than a shallowwell c) is weaker structurally than ashallow well d) both (a) and(b)
- A multipurpose reservoir is the one whichis a) designed for one purpose but serves more than onepurpose b) planned and constructed to servevariouspurposes c) both (a) and(b) d) none of the above
- The useful storage is the volume of water stored in the reservoirbetween a) minimum pool level and maximum poollevel b) minimum pool level and normal poollevel c) normal pool level and maximumpoollevel d) river bed and minimum poollevel
- The water stored in the reservoir below the minimum pool level iscalled a) useful storage b)deadstorage c) valley storage d) surchargestorage
- Water logging of the ground surface occurs dueto
- Delta isgivenas.
- Duty and Delta arerelatedas.
- Depth of irrigationis the.
- Croprotationmeans.
UNIT V
- Horizontal acceleration due to earthquake results in a) hydrodynamicpressure b) inertia force into the body of thedam c) both (a)and (b) d) none of theabove
- The major resisting force in a gravity damis a) water pressure b) wavepressure c) self-weight of dam d) upliftpressure
- When the reservoir is full, the maximum compressive force in a gravity dam isproduced a) at the toe b) attheheel c) within the middle third of base d) at centre of base 4 of tail water in a gravitydam i) increases the principal stress ii) decreases the principal stress iii) increases the shear stress iv) decreases the shear stress 5
of discharge of an ogee spillway a) depends on depth of approach and upstreamslope b) depends on downstream apron interference and downstreamsubmergence 6. Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theories areusedfor. 7. Canals aredividedinto and. 8. Alluvial channel is achannel having. 9. In Rational method discharge can befound using. 10. Frequency of rainfall is alsocalledas. 11. No. of years within which a given storm occurs is called as.
XII. GATEQUESTIONS:
- At a station, Storm I of 5 hour duration with intensity 2 cm/h resulted in a runoff of 4 cm and Storm II of 8hour duration resulted in a runoff of 8 cm. Assume that the φ-index is the same for both the storms. The φ-index (in cm/h)is: (A)1 (B)1 (C)1 (D)1.
- The intensity of storm II (in cm/h)is: (A)2 (B)1 (C)1 (D)2.
- The transplantation of rice requires 10 days and total depth of water required during transplantation is 48 cm. During transplantation, there is an effective rainfall (useful for irrigation) of 8 cm. The duty of irrigation water (in hectares/cumec) is: (A)612 (B)216 (C)300 (D)10 8
- The ratio of quantity of water stored in the root zone of the crops to the quantity of water actually delivered in the field is knownas (A)waterconveyanceefficiency (B) water applicationefficiency (C)wateruse efficiency (D) none of the above
- A 70% index of wetnessmeans (A) rain excessof30% (B) rain deficiency of 30% (C) rain deficiency of70% (D) none of the above
- The value of sodium absorption ratio for high sodium water lies between (A) 0to10 (B)10to18 (C) 18 to 26 (D) 26 to
- The kor depth for rice is 190mm and kor period is 14 days outlet factor for this will be (A)637 hectares/m 3 /sec (B) 837hectares/m 3 /sec (C) 972hectares/m 3 /sec (D) 1172 hectares/m 3 /sec
- Optimum depth of kor wearing for riceis (A)135mm (B)165mm (C)190mm (D) 215 mm
- The “outlet discharge factor” is the duty at the headof (A) maincanal (B) branch canal (C)watercourse (D)distributory
- Which of the following is a non-recording rainguage? (A) tipping bucket typerainguage (B) Simon’srainguage (C) Steven’s weighing type rainguage (D) floating type rainguage
iii) IES
- Which of the following statements is/are correct? Lining of irrigation canals has necessarily to be carried out in the reaches where the channel passesthrough a. Sandysoil b. Coarse aggregate soil c. Clay soil d. Fine silt andclay
- Select the correct answer using the code givenbelow
HWRE - Notes
Course: Civil Engineering (CE)
University: Anna University
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