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Application of GIS in Urban Sprawl
Geography Honours
Creighton University
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Application of GIS in Urban Sprawl
With the increased rate of rural-urban migration and population growth in the present years, study of urban development has gained a lot of momentum. As a result of these two basic phenomena the city tends to expand outwards to accommodate the ever-increasing population pressure on the confined land resources. This process is termed as sprawl. Sprawl must be considered in a space-time context; not simply as an increase of urban lands in a given area, but the rate of increase relative to population growth. Sprawl may be said to occur when the rate at which land is converted to non-agricultural uses exceeds the pace of economic development. Not only is the amount of rural land lost to sprawl a key issue from an environmental and agricultural perspective but the amount of rural land loss and urban expansion is also significant to the quality of life of urban dwellers.
Importance of GIS and Remote Sensing in Urban Planning: -
- The spatial depiction of the public amenities and infrastructural facilities can be made quite user friendly with application of GIS.
- Also, GIS can help determine spatial and temporal distribution of natural resources and type of activities that are damaging the natural wealth of the nation. With this information the authorities can take pre-emptive steps in specific regions to promote the cause of conservation of natural resources.
- GIS can also be applied to the relatively newer concept of multilevel parking needs in the developing nation.
- GIS can help in providing information about crime rate and types of crime in the various city-sectors and in different cities.
- GIS and remote sensing techniques can also help in tackling problems related to traffic, encroachments, air and noise pollution water and power supply etc.
Application of GIS and Remote Sensing to Study of Urban Sprawl: A case of Udaipur city, India: -
The Study Area: The Udaipur and its environs, which is taken as the study area, is spread over a territory of 508 km2 and covers sixty-seven villages in the vicinity of the Udaipur city with extension of 240 30’ to 240 40’ N and 730 37’30” to 730 52’ 30” E
Process of Urban Sprawl: One of the prerequisites for understanding urban sprawl is successful land use change detection. Spatial analysis is done using GIS to chalk out the potentials and restraints of the region. This is made possible by accurate registration of the satellite imagery so that the overhead pixels represent the same location as the base map. There is a wide range of techniques used for land use change detection to study urban sprawl. The technique employed in the given study is based on the comparison of the classified images.
To work out the temporal land use change following Landsat satellite imagery were used. 1 — Landsat MSS acquired on 23rd Sept., 1972 2 — Landsat TM acquired on 19th Oct., 1990 3 — Landsat ETM Plus captured on 22nd Oct., 2000
The analysis is categorized as: prior to open door policy i., year 1972 to 1990 and post economic reform i., year 1990 to 2000. The remote sensing data was acquired by Global Land Cover Facility. Erdas Imagine software was used for land use classification. Firstly, different bands of the imagery were stacked to produce a false colour composite. The area of interest was calculated; the required image was extracted by sub-setting of the image and then re-projected. To detect the land use change, comparison of classified images was done. The process consists of displaying the rectified imagery on the screen and digitizing the polygons representing different land use categories. The categorization of land use attributes is based on image characteristics such as tone, texture, colour and pattern. The subset image was interpreted with reference to ground verifications wherever required. Each image set has been broadly classified into five different categories viz., forest and scrub land, built-up area, water, crop land and barren land. The polygons were identified by independent labels attached to the centroid of each polygon. These polygons were labelled as training sites. Thirty confirmed training sites per land use category were selected using signature editor and the values were merged to give an average pattern for the category. The signatures were then assigned conventional colours based on standard theme. These signatures together with the subset image formulated the supervised classification.
The Aim of Urban Planning
- Removal of slums.
- Providing people with proper housing facilities or accommodation along with the basic infrastructure like electricity and water supply.
- Organization and improvement in the means of transport and communication.
- Setting apart space for industries, parks and public places including burial sites.
- Making arrangements for recreation both for children and for older people.
- Arranging for sanitation and cleanliness of the town and its adjoining areas.
- Allocating space for marketing centres, shops, and so on. viii. Arranging for education, health and medical services Proposed plan.
Figure1: - Build up area Information Extraction
Figure 2: - Measuring urban Sprawl using different indicators
Following approach to obtain Urban sprawl:
Collateral data: temporal population data from the government agencies, cadastral data from land records department and toposheets from Survey of India. Creation of GIS layers: digitization of built up area, drainage network and village boundaries from the toposheets (1972) for the study area. Remote sensing data from National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad. Geo-correction of remote sensing data and collection of training data. Application of image processing techniques (temporal data - remote sensing data) to identify the spatial changes in built up area over the period, and Environmental Modelling of these changes (both spatial and temporal).
The toposheet of 1:50000 used for the current study area has the following features:
Land use / land cover Drainage, water bodies, irrigation systems Contours and slopes Land geomorphology and soils Roads and rail network Administrative boundaries
Application of GIS in Urban Sprawl
Course: Geography Honours
University: Creighton University
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