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Geography Honours

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Creighton University

Academic year: 2024/2025

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ritika goel

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Cultural settings Racial, ethnic linguistic diversity face Hutton imp antri, Guha I Nigritos earliest excepant from Africa Found in Andamanese, Uralis (Nigiri), Kodors (kechi), Angamoi Nagas, Badgis (Jh) Proto Austroloid After negrites Cantral F southern India Vedicares, Inilas, Sholagas bhils, East kols, MP korwas, mundas Chenchus, Kurumbas, Yerovas IN KL Central highland south Pushed negutos to interior remote parts. mixture similar to negritos except wooly hair 3 Mongoloid some evidence too in south from med oceania stature, long head. scanty fair Palio mong oloids. As, Myanman border Daflas ,Garos, Nagas, Min, Kuki, Kadani Tibeto . NW himalayas, Trans Si long stature, hairy body Bhutia, Kinnausi. Ladakhi Garo, khasi, Jaintia, Chakmas, Naga daffle 4 Mediterranean from SW Asia during 2nd BCE. Brought ausho asist Paleao med stature. dark skin long head South of Vindhiph isdated lang settled in NW India g started agri. chief architect of IVC Shifted pushed to South India Forms majority of south Indians many North Indians oriental last to enter. Raj, Pb, HR ,Uk. Cultural settings Racial, ethnic linguistic diversity face Hutton imp antri, Guha I Nigritos earliest excepant from Africa Found in Andamanese, Uralis (Nigiri), Kodors (kechi), Angamoi Nagas, Badgis (Jh) Proto Austroloid After negrites Cantral F southern India Vedicares, Inilas, Sholagas bhils, East kols, MP korwas, mundas Chenchus, Kurumbas, Yerovas IN KL Central highland south Pushed negutos to interior remote parts. mixture similar to negritos except wooly hair 3 Mongoloid some evidence too in south from med oceania stature, long head. scanty fair Palio mong oloids. As, Myanman border Daflas ,Garos, Nagas, Min, Kuki, Kadani Tibeto . NW himalayas, Trans Si long stature, hairy body Bhutia, Kinnausi. Ladakhi Garo, khasi, Jaintia, Chakmas, Naga daffle 4 Mediterranean from SW Asia during 2nd BCE. Brought ausho asist Paleao med stature. dark skin long head South of Vindhiph isdated lang settled in NW India g started agri. chief architect of IVC Shifted pushed to South India Forms majority of south Indians many North Indians oriental last to enter. Raj, Pb, HR ,Uk. 5 Bracycephals Alpinoids came to India through Baluch,Sid, Kathiawar, Cry Dimaries followed Ganga Valley Armenoids Gilgil kastmir, Nepal 6 Nordies 2nd BCE. Aryan lang. Forms Punjah, Har, Raj people long head, fair complexion, well derpd nose strong body Scheduled Caste ,542 castes , ,20cr. Number: UP 7Bi AP WB UP NoSC in AGN, LI, Naga, Ann D2DNH ,Mani, Goa, Arup, Megh, Naga, Mizo, Ag N, LI. Two major zones of distri due to agri labours ! ICP 2 Eastern Coastal plain. TN, AP, WB, Od 5 Bracycephals Alpinoids came to India through Baluch,Sid, Kathiawar, Cry Dimaries followed Ganga Valley Armenoids Gilgil kastmir, Nepal 6 Nordies 2nd BCE. Aryan lang. Forms Punjah, Har, Raj people long head, fair complexion, well derpd nose strong body Scheduled Caste ,542 castes , ,20cr. Number: UP 7Bi AP WB UP NoSC in AGN, LI, Naga, Ann D2DNH ,Mani, Goa, Arup, Megh, Naga, Mizo, Ag N, LI. Two major zones of distri due to agri labours ! ICP 2 Eastern Coastal plain. TN, AP, WB, Od Religious minorities Perspectives Religion topic diffusion, cultural determinism Muslims 172G growth rate As WB Kl Mallapuram upper Ganga pla lourst in Ch, od, TN, AP, HP, Si, NE Pb Christians 2 Naga 1 Mizo I High I Manipur . Goa Kl Ernakulan Kettayam Sikhs: 2G Hr ,Dl, Raj, UK Ambala, kurn, Kanal, Fatehabad, Sisa 0 Mn MA, KA, UP, WB,MP, Arml, Ladakh Jains 45L Religious minorities Perspectives Religion topic diffusion, cultural determinism Muslims 172G growth rate As WB Kl Mallapuram upper Ganga pla lourst in Ch, od, TN, AP, HP, Si, NE Pb Christians 2 Naga 1 Mizo I High I Manipur . Goa Kl Ernakulan Kettayam Sikhs: 2G Hr ,Dl, Raj, UK Ambala, kurn, Kanal, Fatehabad, Sisa 0 Mn MA, KA, UP, WB,MP, Arml, Ladakh Jains 45L Major tribes tribal areas I problems Tribes hanguous F sdf contained unit up any heroidical descriment 10G2, of popu Incr due to natural growth addit to the list 241 growth in 2001 11 400 tribes in India Perspectives Envt determinism harmony in emst, Distri envt in pockets in isolat Hilly forested tracts. Controined my the dudp practices Mizo, Naga Myg, Armp, Mani ,Oh, Tri ii L1 Gj, As, Raj ,Jg K, Ga Pb,Hr, Pu Delhi Ommag : I Hunting fishing, gathering: Raji(UP), Khana, Kenwa(Jh), Kuki (WB), Juang (od) Chenchu (AP). Garasia (MH) 1 Bhil Sahariya (Rj) Naga L Shifting cultivat Konwa, Asur (Ih), Genda Baiga (a MP) Khand, Bhil, Garasia (MH,GJ), Nega. Chakma, Garo S Sedentary cultivat Ho, Oraen Santhal Kerwa (Jh), Badaga, Inilo (TN), Meena (Raj), Bhil, koli. Raiwari (MH), FRA,2005 rights of self cultivat habitatn community rights like grazing fishing, water bodies habitat rights for DVTGS community sights of IPR trod knowledge conservat rights, relief dept rights forest ngut ngets Major tribes tribal areas I problems Tribes hanguous F sdf contained unit up any heroidical descriment 10G2, of popu Incr due to natural growth addit to the list 241 growth in 2001 11 400 tribes in India Perspectives Envt determinism harmony in emst, Distri envt in pockets in isolat Hilly forested tracts. Controined my the dudp practices Mizo, Naga Myg, Armp, Mani ,Oh, Tri ii L1 Gj, As, Raj ,Jg K, Ga Pb,Hr, Pu Delhi Ommag : I Hunting fishing, gathering: Raji(UP), Khana, Kenwa(Jh), Kuki (WB), Juang (od) Chenchu (AP). Garasia (MH) 1 Bhil Sahariya (Rj) Naga L Shifting cultivat Konwa, Asur (Ih), Genda Baiga (a MP) Khand, Bhil, Garasia (MH,GJ), Nega. Chakma, Garo S Sedentary cultivat Ho, Oraen Santhal Kerwa (Jh), Badaga, Inilo (TN), Meena (Raj), Bhil, koli. Raiwari (MH), FRA,2005 rights of self cultivat habitatn community rights like grazing fishing, water bodies habitat rights for DVTGS community sights of IPR trod knowledge conservat rights, relief dept rights forest ngut ngets instribution of Popu possibilism determinism distordichotomy. 1 Terrain : Him land but popu Plains but Phy Canade temp 8 rainfall factor 3 soil CASE 4 water bodies 5 Resources minerals 6 Huma Industries GP, GC factors 7 Transport 8 R Urbanisatn Density: Ladakh 1 Extremely low density. Arun P (17), Mizo, Si,AIN A 2 low Mani, Naga, Magh, Raj, MP, ch, HP,UX, Jak 3 Moderate 251 Jh, Dd, As, Tri, AP, TL, KA, M H GJ, High Pb, HR, UP,TN, KL DDNH 5 V High Bi, WB, NCP, L L , Chandi , Pudu, DD Above avg Below avq(250) Avg instribution of Popu possibilism determinism distordichotomy. 1 Terrain : Him land but popu Plains but Phy Canade temp 8 rainfall factor 3 soil CASE 4 water bodies 5 Resources minerals 6 Huma Industries GP, GC factors 7 Transport 8 R Urbanisatn Density: Ladakh 1 Extremely low density. Arun P (17), Mizo, Si,AIN A 2 low Mani, Naga, Magh, Raj, MP, ch, HP,UX, Jak 3 Moderate 251 Jh, Dd, As, Tri, AP, TL, KA, M H GJ, High Pb, HR, UP,TN, KL DDNH 5 V High Bi, WB, NCP, L L , Chandi , Pudu, DD Above avg Below avq(250) Avg Demographic Attributes Sex Ratio : Vanes due to natural (biological) I factors Fertility rate also impact for earning Import dowry lincage softly 1901 1951 ,2011 Spatial: 1901 51 2011 UP, Bi Pb, Hr Gi, MH, JFK. a NCT, Si DDNHDD, AWI HP, Raj, Naga, Miro, tn , AS, WB, Jh, MP, KA, Ga, Mani, Od. Ch, AP, Ke, TN Py Megh 1084 1038 Temporal: 1901 11 had 1951 had 2011 Heavy decline in UP, Bi, Ch,Jh, MP,65, MH,TN Pb low I Raj HR ,AP TL, K A decline in NE Child sex ratio yrs. 976(1961) to 914(2011) 774 CSR SR 1961 2011 Demographic Attributes Sex Ratio : Vanes due to natural (biological) I factors Fertility rate also impact for earning Import dowry lincage softly 1901 1951 ,2011 Spatial: 1901 51 2011 UP, Bi Pb, Hr Gi, MH, JFK. a NCT, Si DDNHDD, AWI HP, Raj, Naga, Miro, tn , AS, WB, Jh, MP, KA, Ga, Mani, Od. Ch, AP, Ke, TN Py Megh 1084 1038 Temporal: 1901 11 had 1951 had 2011 Heavy decline in UP, Bi, Ch,Jh, MP,65, MH,TN Pb low I Raj HR ,AP TL, K A decline in NE Child sex ratio yrs. 976(1961) to 914(2011) 774 CSR SR 1961 2011 Age structure yrs. India reveals later 3rd stage median age 29 10. demographic dividual when working age popu non working age popu Pd of decades when fertility rates drop after fertility mortality transition higher life expectancy results in many ppl living in working age brocket 2050 in India Peak in 20301 Benefits of DD : I Incr working popu incs per capita income incl saving 2 lower Cost on High saving mvst child bearing 3 Better inst on human Capital of child future econ growth Issues 1 About Indians enter workforce every yr. (ILO) 2 High unemployment in lower age bracket 3 lack of quality jobs, high wages social security 4 workforce in informal where low job security 5 Companded of events like Spatial Kerala UP Punjab Age structure yrs. India reveals later 3rd stage median age 29 10. demographic dividual when working age popu non working age popu Pd of decades when fertility rates drop after fertility mortality transition higher life expectancy results in many ppl living in working age brocket 2050 in India Peak in 20301 Benefits of DD : I Incr working popu incs per capita income incl saving 2 lower Cost on High saving mvst child bearing 3 Better inst on human Capital of child future econ growth Issues 1 About Indians enter workforce every yr. (ILO) 2 High unemployment in lower age bracket 3 lack of quality jobs, high wages social security 4 workforce in informal where low job security 5 Companded of events like Spatial Kerala UP Punjab fe expectancy 23 in 1901 In Bi,Jh male life expec female 32 in 1951 67 in 2011 66 male urban rural LE gap 68 females Dependency ratio dependent popu 5 a ) working popu 70 yang 80 (45) 1961 (55) 2011 1960 2011 (8) old 5 1961 2011 fe expectancy 23 in 1901 In Bi,Jh male life expec female 32 in 1951 67 in 2011 66 male urban rural LE gap 68 females Dependency ratio dependent popu 5 a ) working popu 70 yang 80 (45) 1961 (55) 2011 1960 2011 (8) old 5 1961 2011 R 50 mn woman dominated, marriage plantal(As,wo) resettlement of Sikh refugees to Terail of Him. Resettle in Dandekanyne Ray R 18mn mainly econ reasons, male dominated dea urbanisat in FAG states due to lack of in terv eming opportunities Presence of GP. U U. 17mn Pull based for better standard of living 1st cities U R 5mn 4th stage of DTT, Rostow Mass Consumpt Annual interstate migratn of about Interstate migrant High growth in migrat Total migratn 51 mn 42 male Total 31 women g female migrant 14 men Patterns changes 1 Females migrati incr due to econ reasons 2 Gravity model proven correct 3 Effect on polit boundary while migrating. 4 Role of lang barrier is declining 5 Emergence of outmigrating m migrating state 6 Thickest routes UP NCR Bi NCR, UP MHR, JH WB, UP Pb MP NR, Bi GJ, MH, LBB., UP, Bi,GJ TN Reasons of Marriage Edu. work Moved Moved after birth R 50 mn woman dominated, marriage plantal(As,wo) resettlement of Sikh refugees to Terail of Him. Resettle in Dandekanyne Ray R 18mn mainly econ reasons, male dominated dea urbanisat in FAG states due to lack of in terv eming opportunities Presence of GP. U U. 17mn Pull based for better standard of living 1st cities U R 5mn 4th stage of DTT, Rostow Mass Consumpt Annual interstate migratn of about Interstate migrant High growth in migrat Total migratn 51 mn 42 male Total 31 women g female migrant 14 men Patterns changes 1 Females migrati incr due to econ reasons 2 Gravity model proven correct 3 Effect on polit boundary while migrating. 4 Role of lang barrier is declining 5 Emergence of outmigrating m migrating state 6 Thickest routes UP NCR Bi NCR, UP MHR, JH WB, UP Pb MP NR, Bi GJ, MH, LBB., UP, Bi,GJ TN Reasons of Marriage Edu. work Moved Moved after birth Population problems policies Perspective Possibilism envilor Problems , Rapid growth 141, 2027 largest 122050 1600mn 2 Uneven Anu Prad. West Raj to Bilar, WB Metro cities 3 Unemployment heavy dependence on agr lack of growth a income in agr low job creatn. No cdu, skilling Braindrain 4 thinger a Malnutrit GHI NITI Aayoa target Reduce stunting from to 2030 underweight 5 Poverty. Tendultan 2673 nural, 2860 urban capediture monthly BPL Extreme poverty was as high as in 1970s. report 27G ppl moved out of poverty in poverty dear to G low agri productivity industrial growth slow 7 Social unrest terrorism, insurgency due to high unemployment, Marx S Envl degradat Matthess carrying Capacity, PAT 9 low std of living Ackermann Population problems policies Perspective Possibilism envilor Problems , Rapid growth 141, 2027 largest 122050 1600mn 2 Uneven Anu Prad. West Raj to Bilar, WB Metro cities 3 Unemployment heavy dependence on agr lack of growth a income in agr low job creatn. No cdu, skilling Braindrain 4 thinger a Malnutrit GHI NITI Aayoa target Reduce stunting from to 2030 underweight 5 Poverty. Tendultan 2673 nural, 2860 urban capediture monthly BPL Extreme poverty was as high as in 1970s. report 27G ppl moved out of poverty in poverty dear to G low agri productivity industrial growth slow 7 Social unrest terrorism, insurgency due to high unemployment, Marx S Envl degradat Matthess carrying Capacity, PAT 9 low std of living Ackermann 7th plan: two child family noom. Goal of achieving NRR 1. I 9th plan. Changed NRR of to TFR to 2 2026 Natral Popu Policy Objectives. Immediate : address unment needs of contracept health infra health personnel for reproductive child care 2 Med term: Bring TFR to replacement level 2010. BR 3 long term Achieve stable popu 2045. Natual Docio demographic goals,2010 aublity of contraceptives. reproductive I child care health insti deliveries trained personnel max enrollment and less than dropout. Free edu universal immunizatn delay marriage, promote small families contain spread of communicable dis ,RTI, STI, AIDS Community parti steps taken for small family I strict enforce of Childhearriage Act, 1976 2 Safe abort 3 PCPNDT 4 vocatial training skill edu to women for self employment 7th plan: two child family noom. Goal of achieving NRR 1. I 9th plan. Changed NRR of to TFR to 2 2026 Natral Popu Policy Objectives. Immediate : address unment needs of contracept health infra health personnel for reproductive child care 2 Med term: Bring TFR to replacement level 2010. BR 3 long term Achieve stable popu 2045. Natual Docio demographic goals,2010 aublity of contraceptives. reproductive I child care health insti deliveries trained personnel max enrollment and less than dropout. Free edu universal immunizatn delay marriage, promote small families contain spread of communicable dis ,RTI, STI, AIDS Community parti steps taken for small family I strict enforce of Childhearriage Act, 1976 2 Safe abort 3 PCPNDT 4 vocatial training skill edu to women for self employment 5 Parchayats to be awarded for good performance 6 Monetary incentive for girl child bom after 18yrs , Benefits to couple undergong skrilisatn 8 Affordable controceptives avbl at many pts. Criticism of 1 misused. dwaminathan comm proposed against cash incentive as it is Also very late yr of popu stabilisatn 2 Soft on male, burder on women vasectomies tube of women. 3 Top down rather than bottom up 5 Parchayats to be awarded for good performance 6 Monetary incentive for girl child bom after 18yrs , Benefits to couple undergong skrilisatn 8 Affordable controceptives avbl at many pts. Criticism of 1 misused. dwaminathan comm proposed against cash incentive as it is Also very late yr of popu stabilisatn 2 Soft on male, burder on women vasectomies tube of women. 3 Top down rather than bottom up low Jh highest wasting moderate moderate) stunting Xavery high low Problems with 2child policy 4th DTT approach, fertility rate below NQR ageing, dependency workforce ratio Ochina experience Sex ratio 1 Men desert women Against consti niles of right to welfare, elect controceptive usage women. Eg. women Varectomy Right of reproductive freedom no man soln Hue Jones fertility approach low Jh highest wasting moderate moderate) stunting Xavery high low Problems with 2child policy 4th DTT approach, fertility rate below NQR ageing, dependency workforce ratio Ochina experience Sex ratio 1 Men desert women Against consti niles of right to welfare, elect controceptive usage women. Eg. women Varectomy Right of reproductive freedom no man soln Hue Jones fertility approach

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