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Computer Science, Engineering (CSC502)
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MINI PROJECT-PART-B
A Report On
QUICK & DURABLE POTHOLE REPAIRS
IN BITUMINOUS ROADS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE
SE Sem-IV in Civil Engineering
By
CL-B-50 MAYURESHPATIL
CL-B-56 NISHANT PHADKE
CL-B-73 RAMPRAVESH YADAV
SUPERVISOR
PROF. R. K. KOLISETTY (Guide)
Departmentof Civil Engineering
Datta Meghe College of Engineering
Airoli, Navi Mumbai.
(2021-22)
_____________________________________________
Internal Approval Sheet
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled‘Quick & Durable Pothole Repairs in
Bituminous Roads’is a bonafide work of
CL-B-50 MAYURESHPATIL
CL-B-56 NISHANT PHADKE
CL-B-73 RAMPRAVESH YADAV
Submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of theSE Sem-IV in Civil Engineering
PROF. R. K. KOLISETTY(Guide)
Dr. P. Dode Dr.S.D (Head of Department) (Principal)
Date:
Place:Airoli, Navi Mumbai
Acknowledgments
It is a great sense of accomplishment to express our sincere gratitude to our respected
Supervisor PROF. R. K. Kolisetty for their constant interest, encouragement, and
valuable guidance during the completion of the project.
We would like to extend our gratitude to Dr. P. Dode, Professor, and Head of
Department of Civil Engineering, andDr. S. Sawarkar, Principal gave us valuable
suggestions and all the required facilities in the college premises to perform our project.
Finally, we express our sincere thanks to all Non-Teaching staff in the Department of
Civil Engineering, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Airoli, offered valuable time and
assistance directly or indirectly to us in the completion of our project.
CL-B-50 MAYURESHPATIL
CL-B-56 NISHANT PHADKE
CL-B-73 RAMPRAVESH YADAV
Declaration
We, declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words, and where
others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited andreferenced the
original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic
honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand that any violation of the above
will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can also evoke penal action from
the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whomproper permission has
not been taken when needed.
CL-B-50 MAYURESHPATIL
CL-B-56 NISHANT PHADKE
CL-B-73 RAMPRAVESH YADAV
Date:
Place: Airoli, Navi Mumbai
LIST OF CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................
- AIMS AND OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................
- LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................
- FORMATION OF POTHOLES.......................................................................................................
- CAUSES OF POTHOLES ................................................................................................................
- EFFECTS OF POTHOLES ............................................................................................................
- PAVEMENT DISTRESS.................................................................................................................
- PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES.......................................................................
- POTHOLE FACTS..........................................................................................................................
- QUALITY CONTROL....................................................................................................................
- POTHOLE REPAIR IN METROPOLITIAN REGION.............................................................
- FUTURE SCOPE.............................................................................................................................
- LIKELY CONCLUSION................................................................................................................
- REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................
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INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................
A hole in a road surfaces that results from gradual damage caused by traffic or weather. A pothole is a hole in the roadway pavement that varies in size and shape. A deep natural underground cave is formed by the erosion of rock, especially by the action of water or depression or hollow in a road surface caused by wear or subsidence.
Numerous claims were laid against road authorities for vehicle damage caused by potholes and even for serious vehicle accidents resulting from excessively large potholes. Potholes have always been a problem on sealed/paved roads, but never to the extent experienced during the summer of 2009/2010. The causes of the large increase in the degree and extent of potholes during this period were many, but can probably be attributed mainly to the following:
- Insufficient routine, periodic or preventative maintenance leading up to the summer;
- Unusually wet conditions for sustained periods;
- Ineffective or no repair of existing potholes
If you consider it, having paved roadways is somewhat of a luxury. Streets have always been around, but they haven9t always been safe, comfortable, or able to accommodate the enormous number and weight of vehicles that use our present system of roadways every day. Whether or not you love how much roads dominate the landscape, you have to marvel at the fact that, in most parts of the modern world, anyone can get in a bus, car, bike, truck, motorcycle, or scooter, and go almost anywhere else in relative ease and comfort
There are times when driving does not feel that luxurious, and one of them is something we9ve all experienced once or twice time to time, though, you may have to travel on smaller roads and streets. Occasionally, you'll run into or over 4 usually with a big <whoomph!" 4 a hole in the road that can jar your entire body, making you feel the bump to the depths of your bones.
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AIM OF THE PROJECT
- To identify the term Potholes, the formation of potholes and to study the various pothole repair methods.
- To understand the various conventional and new methods in Repairing potholes
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
⚫ Identify various types of Potholes
⚫ To identify various materials used in filling the Potholes
⚫ To identify the expense in this pothole repair process
⚫ To get to know the future ideas and technology in Potholes Repairs
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LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................
Potholes, cracks, and patches are some types of road surface distress whose assessment is essential in India. In the current field practices, road distress data assessment is reported to be done through distress data collection and processing of the collected raw data. At present, distress data collection is increasingly being automated by using various imaging systems. However, analysis of the collected raw video clips for distress assessment is still predominantly being done manually. This is expensive, time-consuming, and slows down the road maintenance management. In this paper, a robust method for automated detection and assessment of potholes, cracks, and patches from real-life video clips of Indian highways is proposed. In the proposed method, potholes, cracks, and patches are detected and quantified automatically using various image processing techniques supported by heuristically derived decision logic. For testing its performance, the proposed method has been implemented under a Windows environment using the Open CV library. The results are evaluated through accuracy and precision-recall metrics and compared with the methods presented by earlier researchers as well as current practices in the field. And the proposed method is found to be more robust and efficient. The information extracted using the proposed method can be used for determining maintenance levels of Indian roads and taking further appropriate actions for repair and rehabilitation
This literature review summarizes recent national and international efforts on providing solutions to preventing the initiation and development of potholes and, once developed, repairing them.
WHY DO POTHOLES FORM?
Pothole formation is mainly caused by the delayed response to fixing common pavement distresses in the initial phase of their development. The most common distress related to pothole formation is cracking, which can be the result of different failure mechanisms. For example, top-down cracking occurs along wheel paths due to considerable traffic loading and it is related to asphalt mixture stiffness and fatigue characteristics. Bottom-up cracking occurs in thin asphalt pavements, usually in the form of longitudinal cracks. Once cracks form and are not repaired, water infiltrates into the pavement surface layer and accelerates the damage process through various mechanisms, ranging from stripping to freeze-thaw cycles. If distresses are repaired promptly, or water can be rapidly removed out of the pavement system, pothole formation can often be delayed and even avoided. Although most distress occurs at the pavement surface, in many cases their causes stem from problems related to the foundation of the pavement structure, which is very difficult and expensive to fix. In these cases, prompt repairs can only delay the appearance of potholes and not prevent their occurrence. Only a combination of a solid structural pavement system and timely preservation activities can completely avoid the formation of potholes.
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FORMATION OF POTHOLES.......................................................................................................
A pothole is a depression in a road surface, usually asphalt pavement, where traffic has removed broken pieces of the pavement. It is usually the result of water in the underlying soil structure and traffic passing over the affected area. Water first weakens the underlying soil; traffic then fatigues and breaks the poorly supported asphalt surface in the affected area.
Continued traffic action ejects both asphalt and underlying soil material to create a hole in the pavement. According to the US Army Corps of Engineers, pothole formation requires two factors to be present at the same time: water and traffic. Water weakens the soil beneath the pavement while traffic applies the loads that stress the pavement past the breaking point. Potholes form progressively from fatigue of the road surface which can lead to a precursor failure pattern known as crocodile (or alligator) cracking.
Eventually, chunks of pavement between the fatigue cracks gradually work loose, and may then be plucked or forced out of the surface by continued wheel loads to create a pothole. In areas subject to freezing and thawing, frost heaving can damage the pavement and create openings for water to enter. In the spring, the thaw of pavements accelerates this process when the thawing of upper portions of the soil structure in a pavement cannot drain past still-frozen lower layers, thus saturating the supporting soil and weakening.
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The annual pothole repair program is an essential part of keeping traffic moving safely and efficiently through the city. Roads crews fill between 10,000 and 14,000 potholes per year.
- Water seeps through cracks in pavement and softens the road's base, collects, and then freezes.
- When the water freezes, it expands and forces the pavement up. Traffic further stresses the pavement.
- The sun dries up the water, leaving a hole under the pavement.
- With no base, the pavement is weakened and collapses under the weight of traffic.
- A pothole is formed where the pavement collapsed. Wear from additional traffic expands the hole.
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⚫ CRACKING OF ASPHALT SURFACING-
The cracking of asphalt surfacing is typically the result of poor support (unsuitable material types or thicknesses, or excessive water), resulting in fatigue-cracking of the asphalt. In addition, environmental cracking can occur due to ultraviolet light from the sun, heat, oxidation, or some other cause that has resulted in shrinkage of the asphalt. Furthermore, reflection cracking due to the shrinkage of underlying
⚫ WATER PENETRATION INTO THE ASPHALT-
The separation of asphalt overlays from underlying asphalt (or other bituminous seals) as a result of permeability inversions and/or moisture effects at the interface or possibly the presence of a stress absorbing membrane interlayer (SAMI), results in the stripping of the asphalt and the development of typically shallow potholes. It should be noted that the underlying material exposed in the pothole is frequently old and dry asphalt, which is more susceptible to raveling than the newer asphalt at the surface.
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⚫ TRAFFIC LOADING-
Heavy traffic loading (in excess of the pavement design loading) causes excessive road deflections that result in fatigue failures. Repeated high deflections, or even a few passes by overloaded vehicles, cause the road surface to crack, allowing water to flow through these cracks into underplaying layers (base/sub-base), which causes loosening of the material. This loose material can then be pumped out of the road leaving the upper layers unsupported, which eventually collapse to form a pothole Overloading control is thus an essential part of preserving road functionality and reducing general pothole formation. This entails the effective control of traffic loading to ensure that it does not exceed the design loading, e. through signage and enforcement.
⚫ THIN BITUMINOUS-SURFACING SEALS-
Thin bituminous-surfacing seals such as single and double seals, Cape seals, and slurry seals are the more common types of bituminous surfacing used. They are generally durable seals but their performance depends on the underlying material, which is often moisture-sensitive and susceptible to rapid deterioration in the presence of water. Slurry and single (or even double) sand seals on their own are very thin and more prone to irregularities in the top of the base punching through the seal than other seals and forming potholes These need careful preventative maintenance to retain the integrity of the seal over the design period. In nearly all cases, the propagation of potholes in thin surfacing9s progresses from the top, once water is allowed to access the underlying material, whether it is crushed stone, natural gravel, or cemented gravel.
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⚫ POOR REPAIRS-
Although highly undesirable, it is not uncommon for potholes to be repaired with material obtained from the road side .This should never be done, as subsequent sealing of the pothole often involves removal of some of the upper (poor) material and replacement with asphalt. This new asphalt is directly underlain by a weak, water-sensitive material that will fail rapidly when wet.
⚫ POOR ADHESION BETWEEN BASE AND SEAL-
The development of potholes commonly results from a lack of adhesion between thin surfacing and the base course, particularly stabilized ones. This is demonstrated clearly in, where carbonation of the upper portion of the base resulted in a thin layer of loose material between the base and the seal. The passage of heavy traffic caused lateral movement of the seal, extension cracking, and the development of potholes. Sometimes the poor adhesion between the base and seal can be the result of a localized loss of prime before sealing. This too leads to stripping of the surfacing in these areas and the development of potholes
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⚫ UNUSUAL FORMS OF POTHOLE DEVELOPMENT-
Potholes can be formed by several other causes. An unusual cause of loss of bond between the base and a bituminous surfacing is the presence of excess soluble salts in the pavement. If the water evaporates through the surfacing (either as a result of high permeability or the presence of any defects 3 cracks, excessive voids, etc.), soluble salts can be deposited between the seal and the base at these points.
⚫ REINSTATED SERVICE TRENCHES-
Trenches are regularly excavated across many urban and occasionally some rural roads to install or repair various underground services such as electric cables, water reticulation systems, sewage pipes, etc. These works are normally carried out by the relevant municipal authority or contractors appointed specifically for this. In either case, the quality of repair of these trenches is often not done by road repair 8specialists9 and thus seldom meets the required standards. This results in settlement of the surfacing (leading to ponding of water, cracking, and potholes), cracking or opening of the joins between the new trench and the adjacent existing seal, and the development of potholes.
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Course: Computer Science, Engineering (CSC502)
University: Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
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