- Information
- AI Chat
UNIT 4 ,5,7 AV AIDS, Evaluation, Disciplne
Bsc nursing (blaw 213)
Kerala University of Health Sciences
Recommended for you
Related Studylists
EducationPreview text
UNIT-
Educational Media
∑ Purposes & types of A.V,
∑ Edgar dales cone of experience principles and sources
∑ Graphic aids : chalk board, chart, graph, poster, flash cards, flannel graph, bulletin board,
cartoon
∑ -Three dimensional aids: Objects, specimens, models, puppets
∑ -Printed aids : pamphlets & leaflets
∑ -Projected aids: slides, overhead projector, films TV, VCD, microscope, projectors-
∑ LCD projector, DLP Projector, etc
∑ -Audio aids: tape recorder, public address system
∑ -Computers
LONG ESSAY (12 MARKS)
- Define AV aids, list down the classification and explain the principles of AV aid in detail (2+5+5=12)
- List down the graphic aids in teaching and explain any three(3+9=12)
SHORT ESSAY(7 MARKS)
- Edgar dale’s cone of experience
SHORT NOTES (5 MARKS)
Types of graph
Types of chart
Puppets
Use of audio aids
Computer as an educational media
Pamphlets
ANSWER BRIEFLY (4 MARKS)
Advantages of OHP
Advantages and disadvantages of LCD projector
Four guide lines for effective use of black board
Four advantages of three dimensional aids
Four purposes of AV aids
Four characteristics of good AV aids
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN (3 MARKS)
Objects &specimen
Models&specimen
Poster& chart
Chalk board&bulletin board
Flash card & chart
Ohp&lcd projector
Palmphlet&leaflet
Flannel cartoongraph&cartoon
ANSWER KEY
LONG ESSAY
- Define AV aids, list down the classification and explain the principles of AV aid in detail
DEFINITION
According to kinder, audio-visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic
CLASSIFICATION
Projected aids and non projected aids
Audio materials, visual materials, audio visual materials
Simple aids and sophisticated aids
Projected Non- projected aids Activity aid Graphic aid Display boards
3d aids Audio aids Field trip and exursions ß Films and film projector
ß Graphs Black board Models Radio Exhibition
ß Slides and slide projector
ß Diagram Roll up chalk board
Objects Tape recorder Demonstration
PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
- Principle of selection: The selected teaching aids should have the basic traits .It should
be definitely important from educational viewpoints. It should be interesting and should be able to motivate students for learning. It should encourage the achievement of instructional objectives.
- Principle of Preparation: A teacher should devote himself and make students ready to
the teaching aids psychologically. He himself should know about the nature of the selected
teaching aids. Before demonstrating the class, he himself should inspect the teaching aids in
all its respect.
- Principle of Proper Presentation: He should ensure that both subject matter and
teaching aids are properly coordinated and related. Teaching aids should be used as
supplementary aids. A teacher should be fully proficient in its use.
Principle of Control: The teaching aids should be under the control of the teacher during the entire period. No such situation should be allowed in which a teacher is not able to control and use the teaching and properly.
Principle of response: this principle demands that the teachers have to guide the students to respond actively to the AV stimuli
Principle of evaluation: this principle stipulates that there should be continuous evaluation of both the AV aids and accompanying techniques in the light of the realization of the desired objectives
A-V aids are means to an end, not the end in themselves: Teaching aid should not be considered as substitutes for oral and written methods of acquiring knowledge.
List down the graphic aids in teaching and explain any three
∑ Graphs ∑ Diagram ∑ Posters$charts ∑ Maps ∑ Cartoons
∑ Comics$timeline
∑ Picturs and photographs
∑ Flashcards
Cartoons:
∑ A cartoon is a form of two-dimensional illustrated visual art. While the specific definition has changed over time, modern usage refers to a typically non-realistic or sem-realistic drawing or painting intended for satire, caricature, or humor, or to the artistic style of such works. A simple drawing showing the features of its subjects in a humorously exaggerated way, especially a satirical one in a newspaper or magazine: ∑ It is the metaphorical presentation of reality. It makes the learning more interesting and effective as it creates a strong appeal to emotions. It uses symbols to portray an opinion, a scene, or a situation. ∑ A cartoon is a humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon, the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized symbols. In short, a cartoon is a figurative and sub tile graphic aid. A cartoon has an instantaneous visual and a tickling message.
∑ Many times, Cartoons in newspapers can be sarcastic and ridiculing. The main sources of cartoons are periodicals. Newspaper carry cartoon which are either political or social in nature. Special periodicals and magazines carry cartoons on science, management, economics and education.
∑ If a teacher is resourceful he/she can convert certain ideas into cartoons with little practice. Nevertheless, he can clip the cartoons from the periodicals and mount them for classroom.
∑ The cartoon makes use of ,personalized humor, fantasy, incongruity, satire and exaggeration.
Advantages: 1) Cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson.
Used to motivate students to start discussion
Can be used for making lessons lively and interesting.
Disadvantage: 1) While using cartoons as instructional aides, if the teacher do not choose them judiciously and discriminately can injure personal feelings or social group.
Map: Graphic representation of the earth’s surface or portions of it are termed as maps. These are flat representations of earth’s surface, which convey the information by means of lines, symbols, words and colours. Various aspects of maps:
ß Understanding and interpreting the key of index, tints, shadows and symbols.
It is a surface of at least 1 meters. Into which stick pins can be placed. Drawings, photos and lettering can be displayed on board.
Audience Size: No limit because it is not necessary for everyone to look at the same time.
Advantage: ß Excellent way to use actual materials in a real situation. ß Uses local materials. ß Easy to understand by people not used to look at illustrations. ß Good way to get audience participation. Disadvantage: ß Takes lot of preplanning an d preparation.
SHORT ESSAY
- Edgar dale’s cone of experience
The cone of experience is a pictorial device use to explain the interrelationships of the
various types of audio-visual media, as well as their individual “positions” in the learning
process. The cone's utility in selecting instructional resources and activities is as practical
today as when Dale created it.
Dale's cone is one of the most important theoretical foundations of IT. Hence, the cone makes
connection between concrete and abstract ideas which is one of the main principles of
teaching and learning. It also helps the professionals to select media on the basis of the
experiences aimed to transfer students.
SHORT NOTES
1. TYPES OF GRAPH
LINE GRAPH
Line graphs are used when considerable quantity of data is to be plotted or when the data are
continous concepts are represented with the help of simple lines vertically or horizontally drawn
BAR GRAPH
A bar graph consist of bars arranged horizontally or vertically from a zero base.
Two perpendicular lines from a point work as the reference lines. The size, length and colour
of the bar represent different values graphs are especially useful in comparing and
contrasting two variable or two groups of same attribute.
PIE GRAPH
The pie graph is usually drawn as a circle,the sections of which are used to represent component parts of a whole circle that rescembles a disk,is divided in to sectors of
different angles to represent the fractions or percentages of the divisions of a distributive
attribute
PICTORIAL GRAPH
Pictorial graph is an outstanding method of graphic representation pictures are
used for the expression of ideas,thus more attractive and easily understandable
2. TYPES OF CHART
ß Tree chart
ß Stream chart
ß Narrative chart
ß Tabulation chart
ß Flow chart
selecting a puppet play, the age, background and taste of the clients should be taken in
consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable.
Types of puppets:
ß Hand puppets- which fit in a hand like gloves and are operated from below by fingers
ß Road puppets- Which are operated from below the stage by a combination of rods and
strings.
ß Marionettes and string puppets- Figures with movable limbs operated through strings.
Using puppets:
ß Puppet actions should be accompanied by short dialogues which are easily
comprehensive.
ß A puppet show should not have many characters more than 4 at a time.
ß Put in short duration songs and dances to arouse emotions.
ß The main problem or question should be introduced in the beginning of the puppet
show and answer come out at the end of it to keep interest and suspense.
Advantages:
ß Puppetry has all advantages of dramatization along with providing amusement and
entertainment.
ß A puppet show can heighten the human emotion and capture attention.
ß In nursing, puppetry is used for health education.
- USE OF AUDIO AIDS o Easy accessibility o Wide coverage o Low capital investment and operating cost o Easy learner reception o Effectve thought promotion o Motivative,supportivefacilities o Easy production,direct instruction o Effective creation/transmission of reality
- COMPUTER AS AN EDUCATIONAL MEDIA
It’s hard to deny that computers have taken a prominent role in modern society. From the smartphones in our pockets to the smart devices controlling our appliances at home and everything in between, computer technology is everywhere. It should come as no surprise that the use of computers in education has been steadily increasing and in many ways has revolutionized traditional education. Computers in the classroom have multiple benefits for both students and their teachers.
Purpose of Computers in Education
ß With computers and the internet, students today have a wealth of information at their fingertips that can help them develop their research and communication skills while preparing them for a future career in a workforce that is increasingly reliant on computer technology. ß One of the most common applications of computers in education today involves the ongoing use of educational software and programs that facilitate personalized online instruction for students. ß Educational software like this makes it easier to differentiate instruction so that lessons meet each student’s unique learning needs. These tools also provide a wealth of useful data and resources that teachers can use to work with their students in the classroom and maximize learning. ß Online assessments are more efficient than traditional paper testing because it allows for more immediate feedback and data. ß Computers also have an important role beyond primary and secondary education classrooms. ß Online classes and online degree programs make it easier for single parents or students with heavy workloads to continue their education from the comfort of their own home and at their own pace.
Benefits of Computers in the Classroom
ß The benefits of using computers in the classroom go beyond more efficient assessment and opportunities for online learning. ß Mobile devices and technologies are an inevitable part of society, but that does not mean that students naturally understand how to use those technologies appropriately. ß Using computers in the classroom gives teachers an opportunity to teach digital citizenship skills that demonstrate ways to use technology correctly and responsibly. ß Computers also help maximize student engagement. Modern students are regularly exposed to technology outside of the classroom. Most use and enjoy smartphones and other mobile devices, which is why they are more likely to engage in the learning process if it involves something to which they are already accustomed and enjoy.
Teacher Use of Computers in the Classroom
ß Computers have revolutionized the teaching profession in multiple ways. Teachers use computers to record grades, calculate averages, manage attendance and access data on student performance in online programs and assessments. ß Computers have also made it easier for teachers to vary their instructional delivery. ß Instead of lecturing at the front of the room for an entire class period, teachers can incorporate technology into their lessons to keep students engaged while appealing to a variety of learning styles. ß From using computers to create presentations on a topic to showing video clips that complement the lesson at hand, technology helps teachers make the content easier for students to understand. Disadvantages of Computers in the Education Field
ß They provide students with temptations like games, videos or chats that can take them off task
ÿ If you get lost, you can casually look at the power point for guidance ÿ People can register the info more as they can observe the PPT ÿ Images and good Presentation can make the PPT more engaging ÿ Good for Reference at the end, if they ask questions Looks more professional
DISADVANTAGES OF POWER POINT
ÿ You will not be able to change any slide during a presentation ÿ Presenter cannot get into giving their full heart to the presentation. ÿ time consuming Technically faults can rise 3. FOUR GUIDE LINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF BLACK BOARD ß The black board must be easily visible. ß Must have a matt surface and free from glare. ß It should be in good light so that work is seen without strain. ß The teacher should not stand in between pupil and blackboard. ß Letters and figures must be large.
4. FOUR ADVANTAGES OF THREE DIMENSIONAL AIDS
ß To recreate things from the past or the future. ß To reduce the size of things. ß To make model of things too small to examine. ß To made model of things from faraway places.
- FOUR PURPOSES OF AV AIDS ß To provide a basis for more effective perceptual and conceptual learning ß To provide concreteness, realism and life likeness in the teaching learning situation ß To gain practical skill ß To increase the meaningfulness of abstract concept
- FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD AV AIDS ß They should be simple ß They should be cost effective as well as cheap ß They should be up-to-date ß They should be easily portable
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
- OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS
OBJECTS SPECIMENS
Collection of real things for instructional use
Direct learning experience to the students
Specimen is any typical object representing a class or group of things
Real thing and looks, feels and act like the object itself
2 AND CHART
CHART
ß Combination of graphic and pictorial material,designed for the orderly and logical visualization of relationship between key facts and ideas
ß The main function of the chart is always to show relationship such as comparison,relation,amount,developme nts,process,classification and organization
POSTER
ß A poster is an informational or educational tool with which many people in different locations can be reached easily.
ß Posters incorporate visual combinations of images,lines,colours and words
3. CHALKBOARD AND BULLETIN BOARD
ß It is the oldest and best friend of the teacher,most commonly used visual aid in the classroom aswell as in the labortary. ß It is the cheapest and the most valuable teaching aid,these can be useful for many purposes ß Very useful in drawing enlarged illustrations
ß Bulletin board is the display board ß Used for posting or displaying bulletins or brief news announcement of urgent interest ß Generate a theme and adopt it as headline
4. FLASH CARD AND CHART
ß Flash cards are a set of compact, pictured,paper cards of the same size ,that are flashed one by one in a logical sequence ß They can be self made or commercially prepared and made up of chart paper,drawing paper,plain paper using colors or paintings.. ß Hold the card at chest level
ß Charts may be defined as combination of graphic and pictorial material,designed for the orderly and logical visualizing of relationships between key facts and ideas. ß The main function of the chart is always to show relationships such as,comparisons,relative amounts,developments,processes classification and organization ß Charts can be hang on the wall
5. OHP &LCD PROJECTOR
ß Over head projector is a device for projecting a matter,which is written or drawn on transparent sheet of acetate on to a screen.
ß LCD Projector is a type projector images,videos,or a computer data on a screen or other flat surface. ß It is a modern analog of the slide
- Steps in test construction
- Guidelines for organizing an osce
- Criteria for selection of evaluation technique
- Attitude scale
ANSWER BRIEFLY
Features of viva voice
Guide lines for conducting practical exam
Qualities of an evaluation tool
Four merits of observation checklist
Four principles of evaluation
Four Advantages of rating scale
Types of rating scale
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
- Essay type and short answer question
- Formative and summative evaluation
- Checklist and MCQ
- Short answer questions and multiple choice questions
ANSWER KEY
LONG ESSAY
- List the assessment tools used for three domains of learning, Explain in detail about MCQs
TOOLS
∑ Achievement tests like written test, oral test and practical or performance test
∑ Diagnostic tests
∑ Intelligence tests
∑ Aptitude tests
∑ Anecdotal records
∑ Check lists
∑ Cumulative record
∑ Interview schedule
∑ Inventories
∑ Questionnaire
∑ Rating scale
MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS
∑ It is an objective type of test, where student is provided with several alternatives or
choices to a given question and asked to select the most appropriate one which is correct. It contains two parts.
∑ The base or stem which presents the problem in the form of an incomplete statement
or question
∑ The options list of possible/correct answer/distracters/alternatives
Uses of MCQ
∑ It is one of the commonly used objective type test
∑ It can measure a variety of learning outcomes from simple to complex
∑ It is adaptable to most types of subject matter
∑ They are used for formative and summative assessment as wellas for entrance
examinations,It is easier to score,It makes comparison of the students more objective.
Principles of preparation of MCQ
∑ The stem should be meaningful and it should present a definite problem
∑ Use positive statements
∑ Stem should not be too long
∑ Make the stem simple and brief
∑ The item should be relevant
∑ Alternatives should be grammatically consistent
∑ The distractors should be as short as possible
∑ Make the distractors resemble the correct answer as far as possible
∑ Try to avoid the phrases all the above or none of the above etc
∑ The number of distractors should be uniform for all the questions
∑ An item should contain only one correct answer
ß On the basis of evidence drawn from observations of behavior and listening to oral contributions, teachers will draw inferences about a student’s attitude, personal qualities, abilities, motivation and commitment, learning speed and style, intelligence and progress.
ß These inferences in turn will help the teachers to make certain judgments and decisions about students
Merits of direct observation
ß It is a record of the actual behavior of the student and is more reliable and objective.
ß It is a study of an individual in a natural situation and is therefore more useful than the restricted study in test situation.
ß This method can be employed to all sections of students.
ß It can be used with some training and experience and almost all teachers can use it.
ß It does not require any special tool or equipment.
ß It is adaptive to both individual and group.
ß The problems can be detected immediately as they arise and remedial measures can be taken accordingly.
Limitations and demerits
ß There is a great scope for personal prejudices and bias of the observer
ß Observations may not be recorded with hundred percent accuracy
ß It reveals the overt behavior only – behavior that is expressed and not that is expressed and not that is within.
Principles to be followed in making observations
ß Observe the whole situations
ß Select one student to observe at a time
ß Students should be observed in their regular activities, such as in class room and in the clinical area.
ß Observation should be made over a period of days.
ß Observations from several teachers should be combined.
Requisites of good observation
ß Proper planning
ß Proper execution
ß Proper recording
ß Proper interpretation
- What is evaluation, Enumerate the principles of evaluation, Explain the different
methods of clinical evaluation
EVALUATION-DEFINITION
∑ “The process of determining to what extent the educational objectives are being realised”
- Ralph Tyler
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EVALUATION
Determining and clarifying what is to be evaluated always has priority in the evaluation process.
Evaluation technique should be selected according to the purpose to be served.
Comprehensive evaluation requires a variety of evaluation techniques.
Proper use of evaluation techniques requires an awareness of both their strength and limitation.
Evaluation is a means to an end, not an end in itself.
CLINICAL EXAMINATIONS
ß Practical examinations
The practical exams are meant to assess the professional competence gained by the students over a period of time and whether it meets the requirements and expectations specified by the statutory boards.
Completing the programme successfully does not mean the student’s mastery of the subject matter alone but also competency in actual practice and developing clinical efficiency.
Purposes of practical examinations
∑ The practical exams are useful in assessing ∑ Expertise and skill of the student in performing procedures and techniques. ∑ Skills in proper recording and reporting.
UNIT 4 ,5,7 AV AIDS, Evaluation, Disciplne
Course: Bsc nursing (blaw 213)
University: Kerala University of Health Sciences
- Discover more from:
