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Biomedical Waste Management
Nursing (01)
Kerala University of Health Sciences
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BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
The waste produced in the course of health care activities carries a higher potential for infection and injury than any type of waste. Therefore safe and reliable method for its handling is essential. Inappropriate methods in handling of health care waste may have serious public health problems and significant impact on health.
KEY FACTS
Of the total amount of waste generated by health-care activities, about 85% is general, non-hazardous waste.
The remaining 15% is considered hazardous material that may be infectious, toxic or radioactive.
Every year an estimated 16 billion injections are administered worldwide, but not all of the needles and syringes are properly disposed of afterwards.
Open burning and incineration of health care wastes can, under some circumstances, result in the emission of dioxins, furans, and particulate matter.
DEFINITION
According to bio-medical waste (management & handling) rules, 1998 of India, “Biomedical waste is a waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining to or in production or testing of biological”.
Any waste which is generated during the diagnosis , treatment or immunization of human beings or animals
Or
Research activities
Or
In the production or testing of biological
Or
In health camps
Waste generated during the diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or production of biological products for human or animals (WHO).
Types of waste
Infectious waste: waste contaminated with blood and other bodily fluids (e. from discarded diagnostic samples), cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work (e. waste from autopsies and infected animals from laboratories), or waste from patients with infections (e. swabs, bandages and disposable medical devices);
Sharps waste: syringes, needles, disposable scalpels and blades, etc.;
Chemical waste: for example solvents and reagents used for laboratory preparations, disinfectants, sterilants and heavy metals contained in medical devices (e. mercury in broken thermometers) and batteries;
Pathological waste: human tissues, organs or fluids, body parts and contaminated animal carcasses;
Pharmaceutical waste: expired, unused and contaminated drugs and vaccines;
Cytotoxic waste: waste containing substances with genotoxic properties (i. highly hazardous substances that are, mutagenic, teratogenic or carcinogenic), such as cytotoxic drugs used in cancer treatment and their metabolites;
Radioactive waste: such as products contaminated by radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic material or radiotherapeutic materials;
Non-hazardous or general waste: waste that does not pose any particular biological, chemical, radioactive or physical hazard.
WASTE CATEGORY EXAMPLE
Pathological waste Human tissue / fluids
Sharps Needles , Scalpels , Broken glass
Pharmaceutical waste Expired medicines
Genotoxic waste Cytotoxic drugs
- Animal research
- Blood bank
- Nursing homes
- Autopsy centers
MINOR SOURCES
- Clinics
- Home care
- Paramedics
- Funeral services
- Instituitions
HAZARDS OF BIOMEDICAL WASTES
THE MAIN GROUP AT RISK
Medical doctors Nurses Health care auxillaries & hospital maintenance personnel Visitors to health care establishments Patients in health care establishments
HAZARDS FROM INFECTIOUS WASTE AND SHARPS
Pathogens in infectious waste may enter the human body by a number of routes.
Through a puncture, abrasion or cut in the skin
Through the mucus membrane
By inhalation
By ingestion
HAZARDS FROM CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE
Chemicals and pharmaceuticals account for about 3% of waste from health-care activities.
They may be toxic, genotoxic, corrosive, flammable, reactive or explosive.
Disinfectants: are particularly important members of this group; they are used in large quantities and often corrosive.
Open burning of healthcare waste and incineration of plastics and hazardous materials will generate at least 75 hazardous chemicals as byproducts like oxides of sulphur & nitrogen, carbondioxide, dioxins ,furans etc.
Dioxins & furans are carcinogenic.
BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Bio medical waste management in India (Management & Handling) Rules 1998, prescribed by ministry of environment and forests; Government of India came into force on 28 th july 1998. This rule applies to those who generate, collect, receive, store, dispose, treat or handle the biomedical waste in any manner. Waste are differentiated into 10 categories , color code is also assigned.
STEPS OF BMW MANAGEMENT
STEP 1: SEGREGATION
General waste should not be collected at the same time or in the same trolley in which bio-medical waste is collected. Collection should be daily for most wastes, with collection timed to match the pattern of waste generation during the day.
Bio-medical waste collected by the staff, should be provided with PPEs.
PACKAGING
Bio-medical waste bags and sharps containers should be filled to no more than three quarters full. Once this level is reached, they should be sealed ready for collection.
Plastic bags should never be stapled but may be tied or sealed with a plastic tag or tie.
Replacement bags or containers should be available at each waste-collection location so that full ones can immediately be replaced.
Colour coded waste bags and containers should be printed with the bio-hazard symbol, labelled with details such as date, type of waste, waste quantity, senders name and receivers details as well as bar coded label to allow them to be tracked till final disposal.
Ensure that Bar coded stickers are pasted on each bag as per the guidelines
LABELING
All the bags/ containers/ bins used for collection and storage of bio-medical waste, must be labelled with the Symbol of Bio Hazard or Cytotoxic Hazard as the case may be as per the type of waste in accordance with the BMWM Rules, 2016. Bio-medical waste bags / containers are required to be provided with bar code labels in accordance with CPCB guidelines for “Guidelines for barcode System for Effective Management of Biomedical Waste”.
STEP 3: INTRAMURAL TRANSPORTATION
IN HOUSE TRANSPORTATION OF BIO MEDICAL WASTE
Transportation Trolleys
In house transportation of Bio Medical Waste from site of waste generation/ interim storage to central waste collection centre, within the premises of the hospital must be done in closed trolleys / containers preferably fitted with wheels for easy maneuverability.
ROUTE OF INTRAMURAL TRANSPORTATION OF BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
Route of transportation preferably be planned in such a way that:
Transportation does not occur through high risk areas
Supplies and waste are transported through separate routes.
Waste is not transported through areas having high traffic of patients and visitors
Central Waste collection area can be easy accessed through this route
Safe transportation of waste is undertaken to avoid spillage and scattering of waste
Sign boards indicating relevant details such as contact person and the telephone number should be provided.
The entrance of this station must be labelled with “Entry for Authorized Personal Only” and Logo of Bio Medical Waste Hazard.
It is to be ensured that no general waste is stored in the central waste collection area.
STEP 5: TREATMENT
Records on Annual Report on bio-medical waste management submitted to SPCB(structural pest control board).
Records shall be maintained on training on BMW Management including both Induction and in service training records.
Maintain record on Immunization of all the employees.
UPDATING OF INFORMATION IN WEBSITE
Contact Address and details of the Healthcare Facility.
No. of beds
Details of :
Authorisation under BMWM Rules, 2016
Consent under Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
Quantity of bio-medical waste generation (in kg/day).
Mode of disposal of bio-medical waste (through CBWTF or through captive treatment facility).
Name and address of the CBWTF through which waste is disposed off (as applicable).
In case, HCF is having captive treatment facility,
a) bio-medical waste treated (in kg/day)
b) Details of treatment equipment
c)Total nos. and capacity of each treatment equipment (in kg/day)
d) Operating parameters of the treatment equipment as per BMWM Rules, 2016
Monthly records of bio-medical waste generation (category wise)
No. of trainings conducted on Bio-medical Waste Management in the current year
Stats of immunization of Health Care Workers involved in handling of BMW
PPE FOR BMWM
Mask (N95) Head cover Goggles Gloves Gown Shoe cover
Biomedical Waste Management
Course: Nursing (01)
University: Kerala University of Health Sciences
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