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Physiology of the Intestinal and Digestive Systems in integumentary system

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anatomy and bioinformatics (29bif)

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Academic year: 2022/2023
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Mangalore University

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The Physiology of the Intestinal and Digestive

Systems in integumentary system.

Pigmentation of the skin is a process that takes place throughout time.

Pigments such as melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin are what give human skin its color. Other pigments include lycopene.

Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin pigmentation that is considered to be the most important. Melanin can only be produced in the cytoplasm of melanocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing melanin.

There are two types of melanin: eumelanin, which is responsible for black and brown coloring, and pheomelanin, which is responsible for red coloration.

In most cases, sections of the skin that are exposed have a greater number of melanocytes per square millimeter than areas that are covered. On the other hand, the genitalia and the mucous membranes of the nose have an exceptionally high concentration of melanocytes.

The rate and amount of melanin generation by melanocytes is more important than the number of melanocytes that are present in determining the variations in skin color that occur across various racial groupings and maybe even between different people of the same race.

These are dendritic cells, also known as branching cells, and they are located at the epidermal-dermal junction of mucous membranes and the skin.

These melanocytes from the dermis migrate to the epidermis, where they transform into epidermal melanocytes. Melanocytes that are located deeper in a human being's dermis progressively go dormant as time passes.

When keratinocytes are exposed to the UV rays of the sun, they are stimulated to release chemicals, which, in turn, stimulate the melanocytes to make melanin. This cycle continues.

The buildup of melanin in the keratinocytes is caused by the transfer of melanin from the melanocytes, which create melanin, to the keratinocytes, which contain melanosomes. Melanocytes are the cells that manufacture melanin.

The production of melanin from the amino acid tyrosine is facilitated by an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is found in melanosomes and contains copper.

The development of a darker complexion is due to the buildup of melanin in the skin. It takes around ten days for the process of melanin synthesis to reach its maximum level after being exposed to the sun.

In a similar manner, as new skin is produced, the epidermal cells migrate outward to form the stratum corneum. During this process, the melanin granules that are housed within the epidermal cells are carried along with them and eventually appear in the stratum corneum not as granules but rather as fine irregular colored particles.

Growth of Hair

The time period that spans the end of the catagen stage and the beginning of the subsequent anagen stage is known as the telogen stage.

Telogen phase lasts for around two to three months, and about ten to fifteen percent of all hairs on the scalp are in this phase at any given time.

The hair shaft undergoes a transformation into club hair during the telogen stage, after which it is eventually shed.

This phase will continue until anagen initiating signals from the dermal papilla prompt the hair germ to demonstrate increased proliferative and transcriptional activity, which will ultimately lead to the beginning of the anagen phase.

Growth of the nails

The nail is the most noticeable and important of all the skin's appendages. It grows in an uncyclical manner continually throughout life, and its growth is not dependent on any particular hormones.

In comparison, the nail on the big toe develops at a rate of only 0.03-0 mm per day, whereas the nail on the middle finger of the dominant hand grows at a rate of approximately 0 mm per day.

The size and shape of the nail can vary noticeably from one finger to the next and from one toe to the next. This is because the size and shape of the bone that makes up the terminal phalanx is responsible for these differences.

The keratin plate that makes up the nail grows continually throughout one's entire life and is biochemically identical to the shaft of the hair.

Extrusion is the process by which new developing cells are added to the base of the nail while the older cells are pushed outward to the fingertips. This is how the process of growing nails works.

The keratin in the aging cells becomes more rigid, and in the end, the cells themselves are replaced by rigid structures after they have died.

In the form of the white moon-like lunula, which may be found at the base of the nail, some of the nail's living cells are still intact.

The majority of the cell proliferation takes place in the germinal matrix of the nail bed.

On top of the nail fold are the cells that are responsible for the shine that is seen on the nail surface.

As the nail grows, it is pushed into the concave structure. This helps the nail to develop properly.

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Physiology of the Intestinal and Digestive Systems in integumentary system

Course: anatomy and bioinformatics (29bif)

7 Documents
Students shared 7 documents in this course

University: Mangalore University

Was this document helpful?
The Physiology of the Intestinal and Digestive
Systems in integumentary system.
Pigmentation of the skin is a process that takes place throughout
time.
Pigments such as melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin are what give
human skin its color. Other pigments include lycopene.
Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin pigmentation that is
considered to be the most important. Melanin can only be
produced in the cytoplasm of melanocytes, which are the cells
responsible for producing melanin.
There are two types of melanin: eumelanin, which is responsible for
black and brown coloring, and pheomelanin, which is responsible
for red coloration.
In most cases, sections of the skin that are exposed have a greater
number of melanocytes per square millimeter than areas that are
covered. On the other hand, the genitalia and the mucous
membranes of the nose have an exceptionally high concentration of
melanocytes.
The rate and amount of melanin generation by melanocytes is more
important than the number of melanocytes that are present in
determining the variations in skin color that occur across various
racial groupings and maybe even between different people of the
same race.
These are dendritic cells, also known as branching cells, and they
are located at the epidermal-dermal junction of mucous
membranes and the skin.

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