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Coffee-review - A project work on coffee and varieties.
Bsc botony (Botony)
University of Calicut
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INTRODUCTION
Coffee - the favourite drink of the civilized world enjoys economical as well as historical significance. Coffee is a popular beverage and an important commodity which has a stimulating effect in humans, due to its caffeine content. The plant ranks as one of the world's most valuable and widely traded commodity crops and is an important export product of several countries.
Coffea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Coffea species are shrubs or small trees native to tropical and southern Africa and tropical Asia. The seeds of some species, called coffee beans, are used to flavour various beverages and products. The fruits, like the seeds, contain a large amount of caffeine, and have a distinct sweet taste and are often juiced. The trees produce edible red or purple fruits, which are described either as epigynous berries or as indehiscent drupes. The caffeine in coffee beans serves as a toxic substance protecting the seeds of the plant, a form of natural plant defense against herbivory. Caffeine simultaneously attracts pollinators, specifically honeybees, by creating an olfactory memory that signals bees to return to the plant's flowers.
There are over 120 species of Coffea present two most popular are Coffea arabica (commonly known simply as "Arabica"), which accounts for 60–80% of the world's coffee production, and Coffea canephora (known as "Robusta"), which accounts for about 20–40%. C. arabica is preferred for its sweeter taste, while C. canephora has a higher caffeine content.
Many different cultures have found inspiration in the humble bean to develop their own unique beverages. There are so many types of coffee drinks coffee, Latte, Cappuccino, Americano, Espresso are some of the most popular types ordered by coffee lovers nationwide.
Coffee is a major export commodity and the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries," from 1970 to circa 2000. Unroasted, or green, coffee beans comprise one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Evidence of knowledge of the coffee tree and coffee drinking first appeared in the late 15th century.
The earliest credible evidence of the drinking of coffee in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen from the middle of the 15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods came to India well before the East India company, through an India Sufi saint named "Baba Budan".[The first record of coffee growing in India is following the introduction of coffee beans from Yemen by Baba Budan to the hills of Chikmagalur, Karnataka in 1670 later, still coffea serve as an important commercial plants and take up space in global as well as in Indian market.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The name coffee was derived from an Arabic word ‘Kahwa’. It is a non-alcoholic drink consumed world widely. The quality and quantity of growth and productivity of coffee plant is controlled by the genetic makeup and environment by bringing changes in physiological and biochemical processes. The coffee varieties have been classified based on morphological characters (Fournier, 1973; Srinivasan et al., 1984; Dharmaraj et al., 1989). However coffee possesses two main cultivated varieties Arabica and Robusta (Wrigley, 1988),
contents (Biddappa, 1973). The overall nutrient status of Wayanad district indicated that the soil is strongly or moderately acidic. Application of lime can enhance the production of coffee (Mathew et al., 1968).
All coffee differ with the seeds, the heterogeneous nature of seed shape is reported from other countries for coffee species by Chevalier, 1947, Wildeman, 1941, Chenney, 1925, Cramer, 1957 & Wellman, 1962). But in the case of Arabica being self-pollinated species, tend to show narrow variation than other species that have predominantly cross pollinating reproductive mechanism (Jamsheed et al., 1984). According to Vishveshwara et al. (1972), 50%, 75% and fully ripened show higher germination rate than 25% ripened. It will take 50- 60 days for a seed to get germinated in natural conditions (Pattabhiraman, 1964). Sowing of coffee is also a matter of germination rate according to Vishveshwara et al. (1973). They suggest that it is not advisable to sow seeds with groove perpendicular to soil. The first seed parts to emerge from the soil are the cotyledons, characterizing epigeal seedling growth (Huxley, 1964).
Seedlings are usually transplanted to secondary polythene bags after germination and it was found that seedlings in polythene bags were superior to those grown in baskets or secondary beds in terms of height of seedlings, number of leaves produced, shoot and root weight and also developed better and balanced shoot and root, they will be able to withstand the transplanting shock better (Gopalakrishnan, 1964).
Coffee seedlings show significant variations even at nursery level and it was Walyaro (1983) studied the crosses among 11 varieties of Arabica coffee and found that growth characters especially girth, height, internode length on stem and primaries, and canopy radius had a high repeatability, hence they are concluded to be heritable characters. Like that the berry characters regarding quality is also heritable, i. % AA, % PB, single berry weight etc. In a comparative study carried out by Sadananda et al. in 1996 it was clear that among the genotypes of Cauvery, S was found to be superior in response. They use several morphological parameters like plant height, length and number of primaries, stem girth etc. and substantiated the effect of these characters on yield. Similarly the berry weight as yield
and stem girth relationship have been established by Srinivasan (1969). It was Vasudeva et al., 1984 studied one year old Arabica selections grown at Central Coffee Research Institute for their growth parameters as a continuation of physiological studies done by Vasudeva et al. 1979, Vasudeva et al. 1971, Venkataramanan et al. 1983 a, b. Arabica stem girth, spread and mean diameter of primaries were highly and significantly correlated with berry weight (Awatramani et al., 1973).
At expand CCRI, Chettalli the studies on leaf area determination was carried out by direct methods by Amaravenmathy et al (2011) which involve measuring the leaf areas based on the relation with the true leaf area obtained in destructive test method. The young leaves of Arabica are either light green or bronze but the bronze colour slowly fades with age (Anonymous, 2000).
Leaf area estimation plays a key factor in forecasting production (Lizaso et. 2003) and an approximate measure of plants photosynthetic potential (Reddeppa Raju et al., 1991). The results on leaf characteristics of different arabica hybrids indicated significantly (p<0) higher leaf length in S and S compared to rest of the genotypes. The leaf area was significantly (p<0) higher in hybrids such as S among semi-dwarfs followed by S. and Sln indicating their superiority over rest of the genotypes. The L/B ratio did not differ significantly among the genotypes (Amaravenmathy et al., 2011). In 1975 Cannel concluded that increase in leaf area increases the production potentiality of the genotype.
Coffee cherry is a drupe, with normally bilocular and uniovulate condition (Chevalier, 1947), normal beans crease down the middle of its flattened side. The Abnormalities includes unilocular (Pea berry), Multilocular and multiovular (triages) and seed less fruits (empty locules) are considered.. These abnormalities affect the fruit to seed ratio, grade percentage and outturn ratio that reflects the yield of the variety (Wellman, 1961, Vishveshwara et al. 1965, Jamshed Ahmed et al., 1974). Arabica bean is known for its fine aroma and acidity but gives a thinner body in the liquor whereas Robusta liquor is devoid of aroma, has acidity but of a harsh type and possesses better body.
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Coffee-review - A project work on coffee and varieties.
Course: Bsc botony (Botony)
University: University of Calicut
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