- Informazioni
- Chat IA
Education in USA verifica di inglese
Lingua inglese (75898)
Università di Bologna
Commenti
Anteprima del testo
3 SECONDARY EDUCATION IN BRITAIN AND IN THE USA
Education in adolescence is also called secondary education and represents a getaway to the opportunities and benedicts of economic and social development throughout the world. The main purpose of secondary education is to give common knowledge to prepare for either higher education or vocational education, or to train directly to a profession.
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN BRITAIN
.
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN THE USA
Schools that span grades 7 through 9 are generally referred to as junior high schools where students enroll in classes from several teachers in a given day. The classes are generally based on four academic subjects (English or Language Arts, Mathematics, Science and History or Social Studies) with two to four other classes. Some students also start taking a foreign language such Spanish, French or German. Physical Education (PE) classes are usually mandatory for various periods. In high school, which usually runs from grades 9 to 12, students have much more control of their education and may even choose their core classes. Most American high schools are comprehensive high schools which enroll all students in a local area, regardless of ability or vocational/college track. There is wide variance in curriculum for students in the United States. Unlike their counterparts in other developed nations, many do not begin to specialize into a narrow field until their sophomore year of college. Many high schools have always offered a choice of vocational or college preparatory curriculum. Vocational programmers include a very high level of technical specialization.
Public School Private School
In Britain education is compulsory from the age of five to the age of sixteen. There are two different types of schools: state schools and private or public schools. The first are free, while for the second parents must pay high fees to let their children attend. A public school is an independent secondary school. Public schools in England are not run by the government, although students study similar subjects and take the same exams. Class sizes are smaller and exam results are usually better. The entrance exams used by most public schools are known as Common Entrance exams and are taken at the age of 11 (girls) or 13 (boys). The most famous exclusive and
expensive public schools are Eton, Harrow and Winchester. Even today many of their ex-pupils are famous at the highest levels of government and business. From the age of 3 to 5, children can go to a play school or nursery school (Nursery Education). Primary Education (from 5 to 11 years of age) is divided into Infant School, where children go from the age of 5 to 7 and Junior school, where they go until they are eleven. From the age of 11 to 16 they attend Secondary Education. British students attend the well-known Comprehensive Schools. They are for children of all abilities from a single district; they provide a wide range of education. About 90% of all secondary school students attend a Comprehensive School. The school leaving examination is called G.C.S. (General Certificate of Secondary Education). If students want to gain access to university, they can also attend a course called sixth form (in general two years of attendance), at the end of which they take a series of examinations called A levels (Advanced levels) in various subjects. Admission to university depends on examination results. Universities and colleges provide a Higher Education.
1 The US system of education
It is impossible to speak of a uniform system of education in the US because each of the 50 states has its own educational programmers and laws regulating it. However, education is free and compulsory from the age of 6 to the age of 18 and consists of three levels: Elementary, Secondary and Higher Education. Classes are called grades in the USA. So, after Nursery School (from 3 to 4) and Kindergarten, between the age of 6 and 12, American children attend.
6 EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION: KINDERGARTENS
Early childhood care and education is a diverse area of learning. It ranges, on the one hand, from frontal pre-primary education, which is integrated with the national education system, through kindergartens where care, play and education are all included, to more informal and often home-based activities.
The German word 'Kindergarten' refers to a variety of institutions providing preschool or pre-primary education to children aged between three and seven, depending on the country concerned. Kindergarten originated in Germany in the early 19th century with the aim of developing young children's basic skills and social behavior through games, music and simple handicraft'. The German teacher Friedrich Fröbel opened the first kindergarten in a village in the German region of
This revolutionary educational philosophy was developed in the 1920s by Italian pedagogist Maria Montessori and is based on the principles listed below.
No Passive Listeners: the child is the leader and the teacher's job are not to lead and lecture, but to observe and follow, sensing when the child is ready to ty something new and being ready to present it as close to the perfect time as possible. The learning style is Very physical and a lot of emphasis is placed on actively pursuing tasks; No Gold Stars: Montessori discovered that rewards and punishments were not necessary for children to learn-or learn happily. Instead, the learning experience was successful when the child was allowed to pursue his/her own interests-whether it be washing a table, feeding the cat or learning the alphabet; O Learning from Other Children: classroom children are grouped in mixed ages and abilities. There is a great deal of interaction between children of differing ages and a lot of socializing. Older children generally teach younger ones; Character Education: Maria Montessori believed that character education- teaching children to take care of themselves, each other and the world around them - was just as important as pre-academic skills such as phonetics and number recognition. Children are taught basic dressing skills as well as hygiene and other ‘practical life’ skills,
THE REGGIO EMILIA APPROACH
The Reggio Emilia Approach is an early educational philosophy, developed in Reggio Emilia after World War II. Its philosophy is based on a trust in parents, teachers, and children to contribute in meaningful ways to the creation of school experiences. According to this method:
Children must have control over the direction of their learning; They learn through experiences of touching, moving, listening, seeing, and hearing; They must explore the world around them and have a relationship with other children; They must be provided with endless opportunities to express themselves.
Teachers are, first of all, learners, and their ideas and practices are in continuing evolution. Parents are viewed as collaborators within this educational framework. Teachers consider parents as each child's first teachers and tend to involve them in every aspect of the curriculum.
The organization of the physical environment is also crucial to Reggio Emilia's programmer: the school must be integrated with the surrounding community even from a physical point of view. The preschools are generally filled with indoor plants, classrooms open to a Centre piazza, kitchens are open to view, and access to the surrounding community is assured through wall-size windows and doors to the outside in each classroom. Windows should bring as much natural light as possible into the school building. Additionally, in each classroom there are studio spaces in the form of a large, centrally located atelier and other spaces designated for large and small-group activities. This arrangement of space aims at creating opportunities for children to interact. Children are encouraged to depict their understanding through one of many symbolic languages, including drawing, music, sculpture, drama, and writing. The result is an atmosphere of community and collaboration, which is essential for the development of adults and children alike.
1 Coping with a learning disability
Some students who have been diagnosed work with a special teacher or tutor for a few hours a week to learn certain study skills, strategies, or organizational techniques that can help them compensate for their learning disability. Some schools develop what is called an individualized Education Program (or IEP), which helps define a person's learning strengths and weaknesses, and a plan is made for the learning activities that will help the student do his/her best in school. A student's IEP might include sessions with a tutor or time in a specialized classroom for a certain subject, or the use of special equipment to help with learning, such as books on CD or laptop computers for students who have dyslexia. Most people with these disabilities adapt to their learning differences and find strategies that help them accomplish their goals and dreams.
- Individualized Education Program (IEP)
poor. It is not surprising that people with dyslexia have trouble spelling and expressing themselves in writing and even speaking.
How is dyslexia diagnosed?
People with dyslexia frequently find ways to work around their disability, so no one will know they are having trouble. Most people are diagnosed as children, but it is not unusual for teens or even adults to be diagnosed. A teen's parents or teachers might suspect dyslexia if they notice many of these problems:
Poor reading skills, despite having normal intelligence; Poor spelling and writing skills; Difficulty finishing assignments and tests within time limits; Difficulty remembering the right names for things; Difficulty memorizing written lists and phone numbers; Difficulty with directions or reading maps; Difficulty getting through foreign language classes;
Dealing with dyslexia
A student with dyslexia may get more time to complete tests, permission to record class lectures, or copies of lecture notes. Using a computer with spelling checkers can be helpful for written assignments for older students in challenging classes, they may have any book on CD, even textbooks. Computer software that "reads" printed material clearly is also available. People with dyslexia should not feel limited in their academic or career choices. Most colleges make special accommodation for students with dyslexia, offering them trained tutors, learning aids, computer software, reading assignments on CDs, and special arrangements for exams.
- What is dyscalculia?
Dyscalculia is a brain-based condition that makes it hard to make sense of numbers and math concepts. Dyscalculia goes by many names. Some public schools refer to it as a "mathematics learning disability" Doctors sometimes call it a "mathematics disorder" Many kids and parents call it "math dyslexia." Dyscalculia can affect many different areas of math learning and performance. The most common problem is with "number sense”: children cannot understand how numbers work, and how to compare and estimate quantities on a number line Number blindness is one reason
many children having trouble connecting numbers to the real world. They cannot grasp the idea that "five cookies" has the same number of objects as "five cakes" and "five apples"
What causes dyscalculia?
Researchers do not know exactly what causes dyscalculia. But they have identified certain factors that indicate it is a brain-based condition:
Genes and heredity Environment Brain Brain injury
What are the symptoms of dyscalculia?
Dyscalculia includes different kinds of math difficulties. The signs of dyscalculia also look different at different ages. Dyscalculia tends to become more apparent as children get older. Warning signs are:
Trouble learning to count or recognizing number symbols; Struggles to connect a number to a real-life situation or remembering numbers; Difficulty learning and recalling basic math facts, or to identify and other signs and use them correctly; Trouble solving math problems; Difficulty remembering phone numbers and game scores or telling the time; Struggles to apply math concepts to everyday life;
How is dyscalculia diagnosed?
There is not one specific test for dyscalculia. This means getting a diagnosis can involve several steps:
Get a medical exam; See an educational professional; Count some dots; Count backwards; Ask the child to copy shapes or draw them from memory; Observe the child in the classroom;
How can professionals help with dyscalculia?
Here are some common strategies teachers use to help children with dyscalculia:
Unfinished words or letters, omitted words; Inconsistent position of letters on the page with respect to lines and margins; Inconsistent spaces between words and letters;
Dealing with dysgraphia
There are many ways to help a person with dysgraphia. Generally, strategies fall into three categories:
Accommodation providing alternatives to written expression, such as adjusting assessments; Modifications: changing expectations or tasks to minimize or avoid the area of weakness; Remediation: providing instruction for improving handwriting and writing skills;
Each type of strategy should be considered when planning instruction and support. A person with dysgraphia will benefit from help from both specialists and those who are closest to the person.
- What are learning disabilities?
Learning disabilities are problems that affect the brain's ability to receive, process, analyse, or store information. These problems can make it difficult for a student to learn as quickly as someone who is not affected by learning disabilities.
Learning disability does not have anything to do with a person's intelligence. Successful people such as Walt Disney and Winston Churchill had learning disabilities. There are many kinds of learning disabilities. Most students affected by them have more than one kind. Certain kinds can interfere with a person's ability to concentrate or focus on. Others can make it difficult for a student to read, write, spell, or solve math problems. Learning disabilities usually first show up when a person has difficulty in speaking, reading, writing, figuring out a math problem, communicating with a parent, or paying attention in class. Some children's learning disabilities are diagnosed in primary school when a parent or a teacher notices the child can not follow directions for a game, or is stressed to do work he should be able to do easily.
1 What causes them, and how do you know it is a learning disability?
The causes are still unknown, but there are some different theories:
Genetic influences - Experts have seen these disabilities tend to run in families and they think that heredity could play a role. Brain development - Some experts think these problems can be traced to brain development, both before and after birth. Environmental impacts - Infants and young children are susceptible to environmental toxins. Poor nutrition early in life also may lead to learning disabilities later in life. Just because someone has trouble studying for a test does not mean he has a learning disability. Some people are just naturally slower readers or learners than others, but they still perform well for their age and abilities. Sometimes, what seems to be a learning disability is simply a delay in development. But many people with learning disabilities have difficulties for a long time before someone realizes that this is the reason for their delay. The first step in diagnosing is admitting that the problem exists. A person may then work with a psychologist or learning specialist who will use specific tests to help diagnose the disability.
Education in USA verifica di inglese
Corso: Lingua inglese (75898)
Università: Università di Bologna
- Scopri di più da:
