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Lab report of basic physical measurement
Statistics For Science And Engineering (STA408)
Universiti Teknologi MARA
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Class Group : E Lab Group’s No : 4
CENTRE OF FOUNDATION STUDIES
FOUNDATION PHYSICS
LABORATORY REPORT
Experiment Basic Physical Measurement Name Nur Awanis Binti Zulnaizre Student Id 2022871246 Lab Instructor’s Name Dr Siti Rudhziah Bt Che Balian Date of Experiment 8 September 2022 Member 1 Nur Farah Qistina Binti Azalil Putera Member 2 Nur Farrah Aisya Binti Ishak Member 3 Nur Irdina Fakihah Binti Mohamad Sapian Marks Comment
PHY
BASIC PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT
Nur Awanis Binti Zulnaizre
Partner(s): Nur Farah Qistina Binti Azalil Putera ,
Nur Farrah Aisya Binti Ishak ,
Nur Irdina Fakihah Binti Mohamad Sapian.
Date Performed : September 8, 2022
Lecturer’s Name : Dr Siti Rudhziah Binti Che Balian
Abstract
The purpose of this experiment was to measure length using vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge, to weigh object by using triple beam balanc, to calculate uncertainties for measurements using laboratory instruments, to determine the density of the objects and to obtain the gradient of the graph as well as its percentage error. First we measure the length using vernier caliper and micrometer screw gauge, then we weigh the objects using triple beam balance. Next we calculated the uncertainties for measurements using laboratory instruments, the density of objects, the significant of the gradient of the graph and the percentage error by using the appropriate formula.
INTRODUCTION
A physical quantity is a property of a material that can be quantified by measurement. A physical quantity can be expressed as the combination of units by a number, where the number is the magnitude. Physical quantities are divided into two which is vector and scalar quantity. A scalar quantity is a physical quantity that has magnitude but no direction while vectors are physical quantities that possess both magnitude and direction. The measurements of physical quantities are expressed in terms of units, which are standardised values which is the international system of units.
METHODOLOGY (Experimental Set Up)
Apparatus as shown in Figure 1 , the length , l , width w and height h of object Object W and Object X was measured using vernier caliper while the thickness t and diameter d of Object Y and Object Z was measured by using micrometer screw gauge. To obtain all objects masses , triple beam mass balance was used. All readings was repeated three times. For disk M , N , O and P measuring tape was used to measure circumference C and diameter d and was repeated three times.
RESULT
####### A. Rectangular Objects
####### Table 1.
Object W
Measurement Length, l (m) Width, w (m) Height, h (m) Mass, m (kg) Reading 1, a¡ 0 0 0 0. Reading 2, a¢ 0 0 0 0. Reading 3, a£ 0 0 0 0. Average reading, ā 0 0 0 0. 0 0 ₋0 0. Deviation, 0 0 ₋0 0. | a - ā | 0 0 0 0. Standard deviation, 𝖼 0 0 1×10⁻t 3×10⁻³
####### B. Cylindrical Objects
####### Table 1.
Object Y
Measurement Thickness, l (m) Diameter, d (m) Mass, m (kg) Reading 1, a¡ 0 0 0. Reading 2, a¢ 0 0 0. Reading 3, a£ 0 0 0. Average reading, ā 0 0 0. 0 0 0. Deviation, 0 0 0. | a - ā | 0 0 0. Standard deviation, 𝖼 4×10⁻u 3×10⁻³ 0.
####### Table 1.
Object Z
Measurement Thickness, l (m) Diameter, d(m) Mass, m (kg) Reading 1, a¡ 0 0 0. Reading 2, a¢ 0 0 0. Reading 3, a£ 0 0 0. Average reading, ā 0 0 0. 3×10⁻u -2×10⁻u -6×10⁻t Deviation, -2×10⁻u 3×10⁻u 7×10⁻t | a - ā | 0 0 ₋1×10⁻t Standard deviation, 𝖼 0 0 0
ANALYSIS (CALCULATION)
A. Rectangular Object i) Calculate the density for object W: 𝔷ÿĀĀ𝕖āĆ, Ä = ÿ𝕎ĀĀ, ÿ ăāþĂÿÿ ,ă = ÿ ℓ×ℎץ = 0 ýā (0×0×0)ÿ 3 = 5043. 23 ýā/ÿ 3 ii) Calculate the uncertainty of density for object W: ∆Ä = ∆ÿ ÿ + ∆ℓ ℓ + ∆ℎ ℎ + ∆Ą £¥ Ą ¦ ̈ (Ä) = 3ą10− 0 + 0. 0 + 0. 0 + 1ą10− 0. £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ̈ (5043. 23 ) = 310. 45ýā/ÿ 3 iii ) Calculate the density for object X: 𝔷ÿĀĀ𝕖āĆ, Ä = ÿ𝕎ĀĀ, ÿ ăāþĂÿÿ ,ă = ÿ ℓ×ℎץ = 0 ýā (0×0×0)ÿ 3 = 10150. 15 ýā/ÿ 3 iv ) Calculate the uncertainty of density for object X: ∆Ä = ∆ÿ ÿ + ∆ℓ ℓ + ∆ℎ ℎ + ∆Ą £¥ Ą ¦ ̈ (Ä) = 3ą10− 0 + 0. 0 + 0. 0 + 0. 0. £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ̈ (10150. 15 ) = 399. 17ýā/ÿ 3
B. Cylindrical object
i) Calculate the density for object Y:
𝔷ÿĀĀ𝕖āĆ, Ä =
ÿ𝕎ĀĀ, ÿ
ăāþĂÿÿ ,ă
=
ÿ
Ãÿ 2 ℎ
=
0.
Ã(0÷2) 2 (0)
= 3922. 65ýā/ÿ
3
ii) Calculate the uncertainty of density for the object Y:
ƀ =
∆ÿ
ÿ +
2∆þ
þ +
∆ℓ
£¥ ℓ ¦ ̈ (Ä)
=
0.
0 + 2
3ą10−
( 0 ) +
4ą10−
0.
£
¤
¥
¦
§
̈
(3922. 65 )
= 3367. 11ýā/ÿ
3
iii) Calculate the density for object Z:
𝔷ÿĀĀ𝕖āĆ, Ä =
ÿ𝕎ĀĀ, ÿ
ăāþĂÿÿ ,ă
=
ÿ
Ãÿ 2 ℎ
=
0.
Ã(0÷2) 2 (0)
= 7793. 34ýā/ÿ
3
iv) Calculate the uncertainty of density for object Z:
ƀ =
∆ÿ
ÿ +
2∆þ
þ +
∆ℓ
£¥ ℓ ¦ ̈ (Ä)
=
0.
0 + 2
0.
( 0) +
0.
£¥ 0¦ ̈ (7793. 34 )
= 0ýā/ÿ
3
ANALYSIS (GRAPH)
DISCUSSION
In part A, both W and X length, width and height were measured by vernier caliper. Meanwhile in part B, object Y and Z thickness and diameter were measured by using micrometer screw gauge. All the measurement are changed to meter (m). The mass of all objects were measured using triple beam mass balance. In part C, all disks are measured by measuring tape and the unit are changed into meter. All measurement are taken three times and recorded in result table. Based on our calculation, in part A from the rectangular object, object W density can be calculated by using formula density equal to mass over volume. Therefore our result is 5043. 23 ýā/ÿ. Using density, we calculate the uncertainty of 3 density for object W and we got 310. 45ýā/ÿ. This meant uncertainty exist in our 3 experiment for object W. Meanwhile with the same formula, we can calculate the density for object X and we got 10150. 15 ýā/ÿ. Next we calculate the uncertainty of density for 3 object X and we got 399. 17ýā/ÿ. This means uncertainty of density within our 3 experiment for object X exist. Hence, we suspect that parallax error or zero error occur during our experiment. Moving on to part B, for the cylindrical object, object Y, we need to calculate the volume and density for object Y. The formula to calculate volume cylindrical object Y is πr²h while the density can be calculated with mass over volume and we got 3922. 65ýā/ÿ. After that, we calculate the uncertainty of density for object Y and got 3 result which is 3367. 11ýā/ÿ.The uncertainty of density for object Y exist. We suspect 3 there was zero error occur during our experiment. Meanwhile for object Z, using the same formula, we can calculate the volume and density and we got and 7793. 34ýā/ÿ 3 respectively. Finally, we can calculate the uncertainty of density for object Z and we got 0ýā/ÿ**.** The uncertainty of density for object Z did not exist during our experiment for 3 object Z. Using the data recorded in part C, a graph of circumference, C, versus diameter, d, can be plotted resulting in a straight line. The slope of this line is pi, π. The calculated value of π based on the acquired graph which was 3 is closed to the actual value of π. Thus, using the graph, we can find the percentage error by comparing the actual value to the value from the graph which is 1 %. Most of the case of error in this experiment is due to parallax error. Parallax error occurs when the measurement of an object's length is more or less than the true length because of your eye being positioned at an angle to the measurement markings. This error can be avoided by orienting your line of sight directly above the measurement marking on a ruler or similar device so that an imaginary vertical line connects your eye, the marking and the object. The other error that may occurred during the experiment is zero error. Zero error is the false reading that an instrument shows when the true value of the measured quantity is zero. It is important to calculate zero error as it needs to be added or subtracted at the end of observation readings so the zero error won’t occur.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS C. Why it is better to take more than one readings for the same measured quantity compared to one reading? It is better to take multiple reading to increase the precision of the reading D. A measurement of a rectangular box is given as 1 ft x 1 ft x 2 ft. Determine the surface area of the box in meter square. 1 = 1⋅ 98 3 =0 Area = 0 × 0 = 0² E. Give one different method that could be used to determine the density of object W, X, Yand Z? Explain. Other ways to find density is figure out the volume by measuring the dimensions of the solid. We measure the volume by putting an object into the water. To get the actual value of the volume of the object, we will subtract the final volume of water from the initial volume of water. Then, put the object on a scale to figure out its mass. Finally, divide the mass by the volume to figure out the density (p=m/v). F. Is there any difference in measurement if we use ruler to find the diameter of a cylinder instead of using vernier caliper? Yes. With a vernier caliper, we can make more precise measurement than you could with regular rulers G. How to eliminate zero error? The zero error should be subtracted from the total of reading. H. From the experiment that you have conducted, is it necessary to find the uncertainties? Explain your answer. Yes it is necessary. Without calculating uncertainties, we can't get the accurate answer.
REFERENCES
- youtube/watch?v=ul3e-HXAeZA
- middleschoolchemistry/lessonplans/chapter3/lesson
- greatergood/article/item/seven_ways_to_cope_with_uncertainty
Lab report of basic physical measurement
Course: Statistics For Science And Engineering (STA408)
University: Universiti Teknologi MARA
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