- Information
- AI Chat
Sociology Students Module Chapter 1-5 Corrected
Theory & Practice of Public Administration (PA 56)
Aklan State University
Recommended for you
Preview text
College: ARTS AND SCIENCES Campus :Bambang
DEGREE
PROGRAM
Bachelor of Science COURSE NO. SC 03
SPECIALIZATION Public Administration COURSE TITLE SOCIOLOGY YEAR LEVEL 1 st/2ND YEAR TIME FRAME 6 hours WK NO. 1-2 IM NO. 1
I IN THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY II TITLE: THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
1 Definition, Subject Matter, Development, Areas and Perspectives of Sociology 1.1 What is Sociology? 1.1 The Birth and Development of Sociology as a Discipline 1.1 Subject Matter, Scope and Concerns of Sociology 1.1 Areas of Sociology 1.1 Levels of Sociological Analysis and Fields of Specialization in Sociology 1.1 Major Theoretical perspectives 1 The Significance of Learning Sociology 1 Sociological Research Methods 1.3 The Scientific Method 1.3 Steps in Sociological Research 1 The Relationship between Sociology and other Disciplines 1 Areas of Sociology
III OVERVIEW
This chapter discusses the history of sociology as a discipline, as well as its focus on discovering the fundamental rules and principles that regulate human social life, the social environment, and the functioning and growth of society and its institutions.
IV LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:
define the term sociology; describe the subject-matter, scope and basic concerns of sociology; explain how sociology emerged and developed as a discipline; express own insights on the personal and professional advantages of studying sociology in relation to the field of specialization; distinguish the methods and approaches of sociology; differentiate macro-sociology and micro-sociology; compare and contrast macro from micro-sociology; synthesize the different viewpoints and ideas articulated by sociology's forefathers; describe the relationship between sociology and other disciplines; and explain how sociology can be used to address current social issues in the field of Public administration in the Philippines through reflection paper.
V CONTENT
- DEFINITION AND SUBJECT MATTER OF SOCIOLOGY
1.1. WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY?
Social life, social trends or patterns, social interaction, social change, social causes and consequences of human behavior, and culture are all part of the study of society. Sociologists study the fundamental characteristics of societies, organizations, and cultures, as well as how people interact within them. Since all human activity is social, sociology encompasses everything from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious traditions; and from ethnic, gender, and social class distinctions to common cultural values.
“Distinguishing between Society and Culture”
Society: a group of people who live within some type of bounded territory and who share a common way of life, while culture is common way of life shared by a society or a group.
In addition to its etymological meaning as a social science, sociology investigates:
- The systemic structures and roles of society;
- Human social behavior's nature, sophistication, and content;
- The foundations of human social interaction;
- Human interaction with their external or surrounding world
- The significance of social experiences in human growth;
- The influence of our social environment on us, and so on.
Definition of Sociology from other thinkers:
- George Simmel - it is a subject which studies human inter-relationship.
- Max Weber – it is a science which attempts imperative understanding of social actions.
- Sorokin - Sociology is a study first of all the relationship and correlations between various classes, second between the social and non-social aspects of life and, third it studies general characteristics common to all classes of society.
- Ogburn - Sociology is concerned with the study of social life and its relations to the factors of culture, natural environment, heredity and group.
- Emile Durkheim - It is the science of collective representation.
- E Bugardus - Sociology may be defined as the study of the ways in which social experiences function in developing, maturing and repressing human beings through inter-personal stimulations.
Sociology is a social science that studies the processes and patterns of human person and group interaction, the modes of organization of social groups, the relationships among them, and group effects on individual behavior, as well as the interaction between one social group and the other (Team of Experts, 2000).
Sociology is the scientific study of society that is concerned with the social relationships that exist between people in groups. Sociology is interested in how we interact with one another as human beings (the pattern of social interaction); the laws and principles that govern social relationships and interactions; and the impact of the social world on individuals and vice versa (Ibid.) (Giddens, 1982).
1.1. THE BIRTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE
Development of Sociology in Europe Auguste Comte (French) He coined term “sociology” which derived from the Latin word socius (social/being with others), and Greek logos (study/science). Father of Sociology; the first social scientist to use the term sociology. He believed that in order to improve society the theoretical science of society should be developed and a systematic investigation of behavior should be carried. Positive Philosophy – a book summarizes the stages of development of all knowledge about humanity. Although the term “sociology” was first used by the French social philosopher august Comte, the discipline was more firmly established by such theorists as Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber (Nobbs, Hine and Flemming, 1978). Karl Marx (Germany) He wrote Communist Manifesto together with his life-long friend Friedrich Engels. In Marx’s analysis, society was fundamentally divided between two classes i. Bourgeoisie and Proletariat/plebians who have opposite interests. In his examination of industrial society, he saw the factory as the center of conflict between the exploiters (the owners of the means of production and the exploited (the workers).
Emile Durkheim (France) He was the first professor of Sociology in the University of Paris, became a prolific writer, and a critic. He asserted that behavior must be understood in that larger social context, rather an individual action. Division of Labor in the Society – rapid social change and specialized division of labor produce strains in society.
such interaction can range from the first physical encounters of a new born baby with its mother to a philosophical debate at an international conference (World Book Encyclopedia 1994. Vol. 18, PP. 564- 567).
Sociologists are interested in social groups like families and peer groups, social relationships like social roles and dyadic relationships, and social institutions like states, businesses, and school systems, as well as territorial organizations like neighborhoods and schools (Broom and Selzinki,1973).
As creative, rational, intelligent members of society, sociologists are interested in understanding, explaining, and analyzing the impact of the social world, social environment, and social interaction on our behavior, worldviews, lifestyles, personality, attitudes, decisions, and so on; and how we, as such, create the social reality.
1.1. AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY
a. Social Organization - Social organization refers to a pattern of relationships between and among different groups and individual people. Social organization could be said to the fundamental basis of modern society, as it allows for the carrying out of very complex activities that other members of society either participate in or are affected by. Identifying and classifying different groupings of people is a crucial job for sociologists. Typically, sociologists define a group as consisting of at least two members who:
interact with each other, have a sense of identity or belonging, share norms or expectations that those outside the group do not.
Social organizations are:
Social institutions, such as the family or school. Social groups, such as professional associations, or voluntary organizations like the Kiwanis Club or neighborhood associations. Social inequality, which groups people according to class, such as the middle-class, working class, underclass, upper class, etc. Religious groups, such as churches and affiliated charities. Bureaucracies, including government agencies administrative units.
b. Sociological Social Psychology - Sociological social psychology emphasizes the relationship between individual people and the larger social structures and processes in which they participate. So, to understand the significance, nature, and effects of social structure, we need to understand the people whose behavior constitutes that structure.
Major areas of study include deviance, socialization, group dynamics, health, race and ethnicity, and gender. Sociologists in this field have studied some really interesting subjects, such as obedience and disobedience during the Holocaust, the psychological consequences of work and family life, and the attitudes of minority groups to the cultural mainstream.
c. Social Change. Sociologists are interested in studying both “what is” and “what changes.” In this sense, social change refers to any alteration in how a society is organized. Sociologists thus seek to explain the causes and effects of these social changes.
Few key factors that influence social change:
The physical environment. Changes in the environment, such as climate change, may require different forms of social organization in order for humans to survive. Very rapid changes in the physical environment can cause severe disruptions to social and cultural life. Population changes. Migrations and conquest bring new people into new places, which in turn can lead to forms of social change. Isolation and contact. Societies that are cut off from the larger world may change very quickly once they come into contact with outside cultures and peoples. Technology. Advances in technology, such as the car or airplane, can dramatically change social organization as these new technologies offer new ways for people to interact.
Major topics of study for this field include: ecological changes, population, migration, technological change, new production techniques, culture change, political processes, social transformation, modernization, mass communication, and the impact of natural disaster.
d. Human Ecology. This is the study of the nature and behavior of a given population and its interaction with the surrounding environment. Specifically, it focuses on how social structures adapt to the quality and quantity of natural resources and to the existence of other human groups. Studies of this kind have shown the prevalence of mental illness, criminality, delinquency, prostitution, and drug addiction in urban centers and other modern, developed locales.
e. Population and Demographics. This area of study is concerned with the study of population number, composition, change, and quality and how these factors influence the larger economic, social, and political systems. This area also focuses on things such as fertility and mortality rates, the impact of migration on the distribution of certain populations. Examples of topics that sociologists in this field study include trends in population growth and how those trends are affected by fertility, mortality, and migration rates, how population is distributed over a particular area (for example, segregation), poverty and inequality.
f. Applied Sociology. This field is concerned with using sociological problems to solve social problems. For instance, some of the main social problems where I live include squatters, prostitution, too-large families, nurse shortages, and poor nutrition. An applied sociologist would bring his or her knowledge to bear on how to solve these problems. The following are example:
Squatters. Squatters are usually newcomers to urban areas who live on land or in buildings that don’t belong to them. An applied sociologist would wonder why squatters came to the city in the first place. The research variables to analyze would include the squatters’ background, their employment and educational history, their occupation and sources of income.
Prostitution. An applied sociologist might learn that prostitution and squatting have many of the same causes. Usually, squatter areas are breeding grounds for prostitution, drug abuse, and illegal gambling. The research variables may still focus on low income and unemployment.
Migration of Nurses. Why might nurses prefer to work in other countries? Likely because of the high salary that nurses can earn in the Middle East, US, Europe, and Canada. Compared to a staff nurse in a government hospital, nurses working abroad can make 10 times as much.
Poor Nutrition. Since children are typically the ones most affected by poor nutrition, the research variables for this social problem would include: the family income, food intake, and family employment. Low income and unemployment are usually the cause of poor nutrition.
g. Sociological Methods & Research. This field is concerned with the applicability of sociological principles and insights to study and regulate peoples’ social environment. It represents an effort to build and develop theories that can explain people’s actions and behaviors.
1.1. LEVELS OF SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS AND FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATIONS IN SOCIOLOGY
Micro-sociology and macro-sociology are two types of study of sociology that can also be considered divisions of sociology (Henslin and Nelson, 1995). Microsociology is concerned with the organization and functioning of human social groups on a small scale, while macrosociology is concerned with culture on a larger scale. Macro-sociology, on the other hand, is concerned with the overall characteristics of society. Macro-goal sociology's is to investigate large-scale social phenomena that influence how social groups are organized and positioned within the social structure.
The social interaction is the focus of micro-sociological analysis. It examines interpersonal relationships, as well as what people say and do when they interact. Symbolic interactionist perspectives often use this level of interpretation.
Some authors introduce a third level of analysis, known as meso-level analysis, which examines human social phenomena at the intersection of the micro- and macro-scales. Sociologists may prefer one type of analysis over another based on their academic interests, but all levels of analysis are useful and necessary for a complete understanding of social life in society.
Table 2. Levels of analysis in sociology Levels of analysis Phenomena
social classes competing for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing, employment, education, and leisure time. Government, education, and religion are examples of social institutions that reflect this competition in their inherent inequalities and contribute to the maintenance of an unequal social structure. Some individuals and organizations are able to obtain and keep more resources than others, and these “winners” use their power and influence to maintain social institutions. Several theorists suggested variations on this basic theme. Conflict may take the form of politics, litigation, negotiations or family discussions about financial matter. Simmel, Marx and Weber contributed significantly to this perspective by focusing on the inevitability of clashes between social groups. Today, advocates of the conflict perspective view social continuous power struggle among competing social group. Conflict theorists are primarily concerned with the kinds of changes that can bring about, whereas functionalists look for stability and consensus. Conflict may take the form of politics, litigation, negotiations or family discussions about financial matter. Simmel, Marx and Weber contributed significantly to this perspective by focusing on the inevitability of clashes between social groups. Today, advocates of the conflict perspective view social continuous power struggle among competing social group. Conflict theorists are primarily concerned with the kinds of changes that can bring about, whereas functionalists look for stability and consensus.
Symbolic Interactionist Theory
It focuses on the communication aspects or language that enables the individual to develop a personal identity within a society with members having scripted statuses and roles. It involves the individuals in the society, their definitions or perceptions of situations, meanings, roles, and interaction patterns. The society is reflected in every socialized individual, and its external forms and structures are likewise reflected through the social institutions occurring among individuals at the symbolic level. It aids researchers in examining the relationships between individuals and their societies. This viewpoint is based on the idea that people make sense of their social environments through communication, or the sharing of meaning through language and symbols. As pointed out by Herman and Reynolds (1994), this viewpoint sees people as active in shaping their world, rather than as entities who are acted upon by society (Herman and Reynolds 1994). This approach looks at society and people from a micro-level perspective.
The concept "symbolic interactionism" was coined by Blumer, who defined three basic premises: Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things. The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society. These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he/she encounters (Blumer 1969).
Symbolic-interactionist thinking is used by social scientists to search for patterns of human interaction. One-on-one encounters are often observed in their research. A conflict theorist researching a political rally, for example, may be more interested in how individuals in the protesting community interact, as well as the signs and gestures demonstrators use to express their message.
Matrix of Sociological Perspectives in Sociology Sociological Paradigm Level of Analysis Focus Structural Functionalism Macro or mid The way each part of society functions together tocontribute to the whole
Conflict Theory Macro The way inequalities contribute to social differencesand perpetuate differences in power Symbolic Interactionism Micro One-to-one interactions and communications Sociological Theories or Perspectives. Different sociological perspectives enable sociologists to view social issues through a variety of useful lenses.
1. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LEARNING SOCIOLOGY AND SOCIAL IMAGINATION
Learning sociology, equips us with the idea of sociological imagination. Sociological imagination refers to a specific way of seeing the world through sociological lenses. It's a way of considering our own perspectives in the context of what's going on in the world around us. This allows us to better understand the social and non-biological forces that control, form, and affect our lives as individuals, groups, and societies (Giddens, 1982).
"The repeated trends in people's attitudes and behaviors, and how these patterns differ through time, societies, and social classes," according to sociological imagination, it makes us look beyond individual psychology to the various and varied aspects of social and cultural forces (Henslin and Nelson, 1995).
Understanding how social forces affect our goals, beliefs, actions, and personality is aided by studying sociology. We are becoming more aware of social problems. Furthermore, studying sociology enables one to set aside our own prejudices, stereotypes, and ethnocentric thinking and behaviors in order to become more analytical, open-minded, and respectful in our interpersonal and intergroup relationships. We will become more compassionate and people- centered by studying sociology, and we can place a high value on human dignity.
Sociology, in general, improves our self-awareness. Learning sociology will help us become more self-aware. When we study sociology, we gain a better understanding of our own lives as well as the functioning of our culture and social structure.
If our understanding grows, we will be better able to influence the course of forces and circumstances that impact our lives. We can also be more open to government policies, and we can propose our own policy proposals and alternatives (Giddens, op cit).
It is a fascinating and multifaceted discipline that deals with social problems that we have firsthand experience with.
Learning sociology will help them better understand not only the world around them, but also their own lives. It equips students with both tangible and intangible skills, particularly the ability to conduct data analysis (statistics). It helps us obtain factual information about our society and different aspects of our social life. For us to understand our society and as well as analyzing the social factors causing problems. It encourages the application of scientific methodology. It enhances broad-mindedness and tolerance of the ways of the other people.
All of these are extremely useful in addressing today's most pressing social issues and in promoting socioeconomic development programs of the country.
Benefits of Studying Sociology
- Marketable Skills
- Critical thinking ability
- Analytical skills
- Reading, writing, and oral communication skills
- Quantitative literacy and statistical reasoning skills
- Research skills (e., literature review, data collection, and data analysis)
- Social skills (e., communication skills, ability to interact with people from different social backgrounds, cultural competence, and empathy)
- A Better Understanding of the Social World
- Studying sociology provides a better understanding of the following: a. Reasons for social differences, including differences in social behavior. b. Reasons for the differentials in group opportunities and outcomes. c. The relevance of social hierarchies and social power in everyday life. d. How individuals and groups are shaped by larger social forces. e. The role of social institutions. f. The role of social structure. g. A Better Understanding of Your Own h. Life Social Justice Orientation
Studying social inequity and social issues often results in a desire and drive to improve society for the better in order to create a more just, fair, and healthy environment.
1.3. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD INDUCTIVE VS. DEDUCTIVE APPROACHES
Sociology is a scientific field. As such, it is concerned with the systematic observation and categorization of evidence, as well as the development of verifiable rules. It, like all other sciences, employs the scientific method as the foundation of scientific understanding. The scientific method is a theoretical framework for evaluating data obtained through systematic observation."
- defining a hypothesis, which is a general assertion based on observational facts;
- identifying ways to test the hypothesis and incorporating them into study design; and
- testing the hypothesis through research and additional observation "based on scientific evidence (Dooley, 1995:65-66).
As a science, the primary aim of sociology is doing research; to produce, accumulate, and disseminate scientific knowledge on society and social phenomena. However, there are some people who question the scientific status of sociology and other social sciences. They argue that sociology is not strictly science because its subject matter is very much complex. It is not possible to subject human behavior into laboratory manipulations. People have their own motives and hidden aspirations and other complex aspects.
However, it is generally accepted that sociology is a science in the sense that its primary aim is doing scientific research to promote scientific knowledge. Sociology can and should employ the scientific methods. The scientific method is defined as a method of observing the world critically, empirically and rationally to collect and analyze data systematically to arrive at a scientific knowledge.
1.3. SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH COMMONLY USED BY SOCIOLOGISTS
Goals of Sociological Research To understand the observable social world. To test or verify a hypothesis. To present repetitive human pattern of behavior according to logically related hypothesis and supported by empirical evidence. To be meaningful.
Steps in Conducting Sociological Inquiry
Define the research problem and review related literature. Formulate the hypothesis.
Plan the research design. Gather the data. Analyze the data. Check or verify the results. Communicate the results to others.
Methodological Design in Sociology
- Experimental Method – it is a method for studying the relation between two or more variables under highly controlled conditions.
For Example:
Researchers conduct experimental research to observe the effects of one variable on another, i. to determine the cause and effects of a variable. There is a hypothesis of experiments that must be proven or disproved by careful observation and study. When proving, denying, or disproving a hypothesis, an effective experiment would be successful in establishing a cause-and-effect relationship. Researchers tend to conduct experiments in the lab and in the field.
- Survey Research – it involves a systematic and large-scale collection of information from people and about the people through the use of questionnaire.
A survey is carried out by sending a pre-determined set of questions to a sample of people from a target market. This will result in the collection of information and feedback from people of various backgrounds, ethnicities, age groups, and so on. Surveys can be conducted both online and offline. Online mediums have flourished as technological mediums and their reach have improved, and there is an increase in the number of people who rely on online survey software to conduct regular surveys and polls.
For Example:
- There has been an increase in the number of separation or failed relationships in recent years. The number of couples seeking the assistance of marriage counselors or psychiatrists is increasing. It can be difficult to understand what is causing a relationship to fail at times. To gain an
understanding of the relationship, one simple method is to conduct a screening process. A relationship survey can help a marriage counselor understand the chemistry in a relationship, the factors that influence the health of a relationship, the challenges that a relationship faces, and the expectations that a relationship has. Such a survey can be very useful in determining various findings in a patient and treating them accordingly. 2. Another example of how surveys can be used is to collect data on disaster awareness and disaster management programs. Awareness of this is essential in disaster-prone countries, and it is the kind of knowledge that can benefit all. In this case, a survey will help these organizations find out which areas should be promoted more and which regions need which styles of training. As a result, a disaster management survey can be undertaken to learn more about the public's understanding of the effects of disasters on populations, as well as the steps people take to respond to disasters and how risk can be minimized. 3. Field Research (Participant Observation) – the researcher/s goes to the field lives with the people for some months, and participates in their activities in order to know and feel their culture.
For Example:
Rodney Rothman, a comic novelist, wanted an insider's view of white-collar jobs in 2000. He crept into the cold, high-rise offices of a New York “dot com” firm. He pretended to work there every day for two weeks. His primary goal was to see if anybody would recognize him or object to his presence. No one had done so. He was welcomed by the receptionist. The staff greeted each other with a smile and a good morning. Rothman was welcomed into the community. He also claimed a desk, informed the receptionist of his whereabouts, and showed up for a meeting.
Rothman had carried out a form of research known as participant observation, in which researchers enter people and engage in their daily activities in order to observe them in that setting. This approach allows researchers to immerse themselves in a particular area of social life. A researcher might go to great lengths to observe a pattern, organization, or action firsthand. Researchers placed themselves in different positions for a short period of time and report their findings. A researcher could work as a waitress in a diner, live on the streets for a few weeks, or ride along with police officers on their daily beat. Often, these researchers try to blend in seamlessly with the population they study, and they may not disclose their true identity or purpose if they feel it would compromise the results of their research.
Researchers may have a question at the start of a field study, such as, "What really goes on in the kitchen of the most famous diner on campus?" or "How does it feel to be homeless?" If a researcher needs to investigate a specific area from the inside, participant observation is a good approach to use. The aim of field researchers is to simply observe and learn. In such a situation, the researcher would be alert and receptive to whatever occurs, meticulously documenting all findings. Questions can become more precise when trends appear, observations can lead to hypotheses, and hypotheses will direct the researcher in turning data into results.
- Participatory Research – this method utilizes the people who are the actual targets of the development projects, in the entire research process.
Techniques and Tools in Sociological inquiry
Observation – it uses various senses in studying a social phenomenon or social behavior. It can be overt or covert. A researcher is required to become involved in all of the participants' everyday lives in order to gain a deeper understanding of their routine, decision-making skills, pain tolerance, and overall likes and dislikes. These variables are recorded, and careful assessments are made to determine whether a change in the law would have an effect on their lifestyle, or whether a new function will be adopted by individuals.
Interviews - is a method of eliciting opinions and suggestions by posing specific questions face- to-face, over the phone, or online. a. Structured or Formal Interview– the researcher followed a more definite order of questions/ conducted by the interviewer with standardized open-ended and closed-ended questions and format. b. Unstructured or informal interview – the researcher leaves it to the key informants to guide the conversation/ more like conversations with the participants and are extremely flexible to collect as much information as possible. c. Interview can also be guided by a questionnaire.
as a guest for an extended stay to observe a spiritual retreat center, observe and record data, and compile the information into results.
Institutional Ethnography. It is a form of ethnography that focuses on daily concrete social relationships. It is an extension of basic ethnographic research concepts. Institutional ethnography, developed by Canadian sociologist Dorothy E. Smith, is also regarded as a feminist-inspired approach to social analysis that focuses on women's interactions within male-dominated cultures and power structures. Smith's work is seen as a challenge to sociology's exclusion of women in both academic and the study of women's lives (Fenstermaker, n.).
- RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIOLOGY WITH OTHER SCIENCES
a. Relationship between sociology and Political Science
Political science is defined as the systematic study of governance through the application of analytical and scientific research methods, whereas sociology has its roots in politics and history philosophy. It examines the government as well as its various organs and agencies. In contrast, the modern discipline is much broader, encompassing research into all societal, cultural, and psychological factors that interact to influence government and the political system. Political science is concerned with the problems that men face in their cities or states of employment, whereas sociology is concerned with the social lives and thoughts of the masses.
b. Relationship between sociology and economics
Economics is the study of goods and services. Fairchild, Buck, and Slesinger write, "Economics is the study of man's activities devoted to obtaining the material means of satisfying his wants." Sociology is concerned with community relations. Economic advancements and systems improve people's social lives. Any change in the economy will eventually affect one's social life. Economics is concerned with a person's material wealth, and where he should be placed in society is determined by his wealth.
c. The relationship between Sociology and History:
All or any topic has deep roots that can only be discovered through historical research. To understand something's sociology, you must first understand its history, and the two are inextricably linked. In certain ways, social systems are inherited from the past. History cannot be understood without sociology. The most fundamental historical occurrence is history.
d. The relationship between Sociology and Anthropology:
Anthropology is the science of man, so there's no need to go into detail on how indistinguishable they are. Sociology and anthropology have a lot in common when it comes to studying society, history, family, faith, and social stratification.
d. The relationship between Sociology and Psychology:
The study of human behavior and experience is known as psychology. Its aim is to learn about human intelligence, mental ability, memory, and mental order and disorder. Sociology is the study of human cultural interactions. Relationships are formed depending on whether the mind is ready for them or not. As a result, they are both about human experience in certain ways. Every mental reaction is a product of what society forces a person to go through; this can be a positive or negative reaction, depending on one's experience.
e. The relationship between Sociology and Law
Sociology and law are two intertwined disciplines. Every society follows some rules in this regard, and sociology is inextricably related to culture. As a result, rules have become an integral part of society. Law uses sociology to better understand society, allowing for more effective regulation and lawmaking. Similarly, the rule of law is essential to keep a society in order. Norms, traditions, and rituals are all governed by the law; society would be nothing more than a jungle if the law did not exist. To keep themselves on track, humans need rules and regulations, which is why laws were made. These laws are formed and defined by society or by governments that are elected to do so.
VI. REFERENCES
A. Books/Printed Materials
Espiritu, Socorro C. et. al (1997). Sociology in the Philippine Setting. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House Incorporated
Palispis, Epitacio S. & Sampa, Elias M. (2016). Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology. Manila: Rex Book Store Incorporated
B. E-Resources
asa. (n). What is Sociology? Retrieved March 7, 2021 from asanet/about/what- sociology#:~:text=SOCIOLOGY%20is%20the%20study%20of,people%20interact%20within%20these %20contexts
asanet. (n). The Field of Sociology. Retrieved March 16, 2021 from asanet/sites/default/files/savvy/introtosociology/Documents/Field%20of %20sociology033108#:~:text=The%20term%20sociology%20was%20first,one%20of%20the %20social%20sciences
courses.lumenlearning. (n). Sociological Imagination. Retrieved March 17, 2021 from courses.lumenlearning/wmopen-introtosociology/chapter/sociological- imagination/#:~:text=Mills'%20sociological%20imagination%20allows%20individuals,in%20their %20society%20(history).&text=Personal%20troubles%20are%20private%20problems,their %20immediate%20relation%20to%20others
courses.lumenlearning. (n). Theoretical perspectives in sociology. Retrieved March 21, 2021 from courses.lumenlearning/sociology/chapter/theoretical-perspectives/
Crossman, Ashley (2019). The History of Sociology Is Rooted in Ancient Times. Retrieved March 17, 2021 from thoughtco/history-of-sociology-3026638#:~:text=The%20History%20of %20Sociology%20Is%20Rooted%20in%20Ancient%20Times&text=Although%20sociology %20has %20its%20roots,a%20relatively%20new%20academic%20discipline.&text=Thinkers%20of%20the %20Enlightenment%20period,the%20sociologists%20who%20would%20follow
Roskin, Michael G. (n). Political Science. Retrieved March 20, 2021 from britannica/topic/political-science/Enduring-debates-in-political-science
C. Video
Sociology live! (2015). Sociological Imagination. Retrieved March 15, 2021 from youtu/BINK6r1Wy
c. In your own opinion, what do you think is the best research techniques used by sociologist in identifying major social problems and issues of the country? Why? Explain your answer in one-two paragraphs!
__ d. Like Rodney Rothman, and you were going to conduct field research by means of Participant Observation, what group are you going to choose and why? Explain your answer in one-two paragraphs!
__
Activity 2. Reflective Writing (15 Points)
Direction: Fill in each:
- Things I have learned on the lesson
- Things I have realized on the lesson
- Things I have discovered on the lesson
VIII. EVALUATION
PART I. MATCHING TYPE
Direction: Match COLUMN B to the descriptions stated under COLUMN A. Write the letter only. COLUMN A COLUMN B
- Social life, social transition, and the social change and effects of human A Study
behavior are all studied scientifically. 2. Sociologists research the nature of communities, organizations, and cultures, as well as how people communicate in them.
B Observation 3. Society is characterized as a system of interconnected parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the people who inhabit it.
C Research
- According to Robert Merton, these are social phenomena that have negative effects on society's functioning.
D
- Individuals from different social groups competed for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing, jobs, schooling, and leisure time, according to these theories.
E
- It can reduce hostility and tension, and pave the way for future agreements. F
- The idea that people make sense of their social environments through communication, or the sharing of meaning through language and symbols.
G Research 8. It is a method used by social scientists and researchers to learn about people and communities in order to create products and services that satisfy their various needs.
H Research
- A social research that uses data that has already been gathered by research firms or advertisers.
I- Interactionism Theory 10. They conduct this research to observe the effects of one variable on another, i. to determine the cause and effects of a variable.
J Resolution
- A face-to-face, over-the-phone, or online is a means of eliciting feedback and suggestions by asking detailed questions.
K Theory
- To gain a better understanding of the participants' routine, decision-making skills, pain tolerance, and overall likes and dislikes, a researcher must become active in their daily lives.
L
- Primary data collection in a natural setting without the use of a lab or a survey.
M- Functionalism Theory 14. This approach allows researchers to immerse themselves in a particular area of social life.
N
- A detailed examination of a single incident, circumstance, or individual. O
PART II. TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: Read and analyze each statement. Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE otherwise, on the right column.
Answer s
Micro-sociology studies aspects of human society, that is the social processes and phenomena taking place between and among societies;
When it comes to researching culture; as an insider, being bias is just alright
Sociology is concerned with the issues that men face in their cities or workplaces, while political science is concerned with human activities for survival.
All human behavior is social in nature.
Local Government Units and Barangay is an example of Political Institutions
Auguste Comte believed that society is a complex system that maintain its stability.
Demography also focused on migration, in-migration and immigration rates in a country.
Any change in economic activities of the people, will eventually affect each country’s political situation.
Sociological imagination is a powerful tool for comprehending the forces and influences that shape our lives as individuals, classes, cultures, and nations.
Macro-sociology is the study of large-scale social phenomena' overall structure, functioning, change, growth, and processes.
PART III. ENUMERATION
1-5. The different social organizations or structures in our society
1.__________________
2.__________________
3.__________________
4.__________________
5.__________________
6-10. Give at least 5 research survey organizations in the Philippines that conducts research in the field of
Socialization, according to structural functionalists, is important to society because it both teaches participants to work effectively within it and perpetuates tradition by passing it on to new generations. A society's community would destabilize without socialization, and it would eventually perish as members died off.
A conflict theorist might argue that socialization perpetuates inequality from generation to generation by instilling different expectations and norms in people of various social backgrounds. Sex, social status, and race, for example, all affect how people are socialized.
Face-to-face interactions and symbolic contact are essential to interactionists studying socialization. Dressing baby boys in blue and baby girls in pink, for example, is one tiny way we send messages about gender roles.
VI. REFERENCES
A. Books/Printed Materials
Del Rosario, Fe Yolanda G. (2012). Anthropology: Culture and Human Diversity. Bayombong: SMU Publishing House
Scupin, Raymond and Christopher R. DeCorse. (1995). Anthropology, a Global Perspective. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
B. E-Resources
Lumenlearning. (n). Importance of Socialization. Retrieved March 19, 2021 from courses.lumenlearning/wm-introductiontosociology/chapter/why-socialization-matters/
newworldencyclopedia. (n). Counterculture. Retrieved April 2, 2021 from newworldencyclopedia/entry/Counterculture
socialsci.libretexts. (n). The Role of Socialization. Retrieved March 28,2021 from socialsci.libretexts/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book %3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/04%3A_The_Role_of_Socialization/4%3A_Theories_of_Socialization/ .3A%3A_Theories_of_Socialization
simplicable. (2018). 17 Example of Global Culture. Retrieved April1, 2020 from simplicable/new/global-culture
World Health Organization. (February 3, 2020). Female Genital Mutilation. Retrieved March 18, 2021 from who/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation
Schwab, Klaus. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. Retrieved March 21, 2021 from weforum/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it- means-and-how-to-respond/
Part VII. Learning Activities, VIII. Evaluation and IX. Assignment/s (Detach this part to be submitted)
SOCIOLOGY - MODULE 3. OUTPUT
NAME: _________________________________________ TOTAL SCORE:
BSPA: Year & Section: _____
VII. STUDENT ACTIVITIES – Choose two activities only. (30 Points)
Activity 1. Reflective Writing (15 Points)
Direction: Fill in each:
- Things I have learned on the lesson
- Things I have realized on the lesson
- Things I have discovered on the lesson
Activity 2. In your own opinion, is Socialization on human- nature or Nurture? Explain your answer in 1-2 paragraphs. 15 Points 15/ Excellent 13/ Very Good 11/ Average Improvement9/ Needs
The content is clear and focused, that holds the reader's attention through relevant details.
This content is mostly focused, and has some good details and quotes.
The writer defines the topic through basic presentation.
Topic is not well- defined and/or there are too many topics.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
___________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Sociology Students Module Chapter 1-5 Corrected
Course: Theory & Practice of Public Administration (PA 56)
University: Aklan State University
- Discover more from:
