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Living in the IT Era, Social Evolution: Perspective on Social Change, Introduction to Digitalization
Living in the IT Era (GE6103)
AMA Computer University
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Lesson 5 : Social Evolution: Perspective on Social Change
Social Evolution Social Change
Social Evolution - constant and steady reality that humankind is deemed to face as society grows and cultural beliefs are influenced by controlled and uncontrolled forces.
- evident because of Social Changes.
What is Social Change?
- “change is constant”
- pertains to any change in interrelationships or relationships of people in society.
- change is inevitable phenomenon, it may be individual in nature, relating to people in a small group or affect an entire society as a whole.
In defining the meaning of social change, one should consider: 1. Number of affected people (individual, group, society) 2. Length of time “change” is measured.
Perspective on Social Change
Determination Theory ➢ As man progresses, there is a tendency to move from happiness to discontent or dissatisfaction. As Plato mentioned in “The Republic” that man is an insatiable animal and this insatiability created feeling of determination because of the ever-increasing need or hunger for more.
Cyclical Theory ➢ Several scholars have offered explanation to this theory. ➢ Oswald Spengler mentioned that society undergoes stages of birth, maturity, decline and eventually – death. An example is the Roman Empire which rose to power but eventually collapsed. Social change may signal progress to decline or decay but the only consistent things is that no society is permanent. ➢ Vilfredo Pareto posits the cyclic movement of the elites in society. He perceived a society to belong a whole but consists of interdependent and interrelated parts. Any movement of in any part will have a ripple effect on the other parts. ➢ Arnold J. Toynbee, a British philosopher also supports the idea that society will undergo a cycle of growth, halt and eventually a decline of civilizations.
Theory of Auguste Comte ➢ Posits that society will undergo three stages of change, religious, philosophic and positive. - Religious Stage-society’s action is dictated by a belief in a supernatural power. - Philosophic Stage-society’s behavior is influenced by a belief in the supernatural power thus man came to abstraction. - Positive Stage- all things are studied empirically. ➢ All these stages will be moving in a cyclic manner
Theory of Herbert Spencer ➢ Compared social change as to that of a microorganism. As per Spencer, society is innately militant and struggled for survival. To each his own- every individual struggled to exist. This type of militant society moved to industrialism to differentiate itself and eventually moved to integration.
Theory of Social Change by Karl Marx ➢ Marx posits that Economic Factor is the one and ONLY factor that is solely responsible for Social Change. He called this theory “Deterministic” or the “single factor theory” of change in society. This economic factor is the reason for the continuous class struggle in society.
Technological Change ➢ We are living in Digital Age, for many, “technology” is often associated with gadgets and the internet. But when we say “technology” it may be defined as applying our knowledge in creating tools and the use of natural resources (Schaefer and Lamm, 1992). It may include machines or instruments that facilitates human interaction. ➢ Karl Marx also contributed to this and focused on the importance of technology in terms of production. To him, technological developments has an effect on production and human relations and institutions that make up the economic scheme.
Additional Proponents of Changes in Technology and How it Affects Society:
W. Ogbum, ‘How Technology Changes Society’ (1947): “Technology changes by changing our environment to which we, in turn, adapt. This change is usually in the material environment, and the adjustment we make to the changes often modifies customs and social institutions.”
Anthropologist Leslie White, ‘Science and Culture’ (1949) “technology, particularly the amount of energy harnessed and the way in which it is used, determines the forms and content of culture and society”
Some social changes are brought about because of automation such as in labor which in turn caused increase in unemployment. Other innovation has also contributed to social change: Radio Compass Planes Wheel Telephone Internet Printing Press TV Cars
*Production of basic necessities also contributed to social change. Means of transportation and communication is continuously evolving, progressing and ever-changing.
*The advancement of technology has seen a radical improvement in the past decades. The most important gadget like cellular phones have become man’s universal remote because now it allows us to turn on some appliances and monitor our homes remotely.
The Flip Side of the Coin
Technology also created many problems. The questions one dare to ask are:
- Has humanity’s happiness and quality of life improved with these technological advancements?
- Has these technological improvements and processes helped in maintaining clean air, brought drinkable water to us or in the overall protection and conservation of the environment?
- Have these advancements in technology hastened the degradation of our environment, the people and the individuals of society?
It is important to study technological advancements and how these changes have shaped and molded society and has contributed to some changes albeit directly or indirectly.
can be put away from numerous points of view contingent upon the circumstance. In an online situation, an impression might be put away in an online information base as a “hit”. This impression may track the client IP address, when it was made, and where they originated from; with the impression later being dissected. In a disconnected domain, an impression might be put away in records, which can be gotten to by overseers to see the activities performed on the machine, without having the capacity to see who performed them.
Active digital footprint
- are made when individual information is discharged intentionally by a client to share data around oneself by methods for sites or internet- based life.
- can likewise be put away from various perspective relying upon the circumstance. In an online domain, an impression can be put away by a client being signed into a website when rolling out a post or improvement, with the enlisted name being associated with the alter. In a disconnected situation an impression might be put away in records, when the proprietor of the PC utilizes a key logger, so logs can demonstrate the activities performed on the machine, and who performed them. One of the highlights of key logger is to screen the clipboard for any progressions. This might be risky as the client may duplicate passwords or take screen captures of delicate data which will then be logged.
Economies of Scale
Research in the financial matters of digitization addresses a few fields of financial matters including mechanical association, work financial matters, and protected innovation. Therefore, the huge numbers of the commitments to the financial aspects of digitization have likewise discovered a scholarly home in these fields. A basic topic in a significant part of the work in the field is that current government control of copyright, security, and antitrust is wrong in the cutting edge of the world. For instance, data merchandise, for example, news articles and motion pictures, now have zero minimal expenses of creation and sharing. This has made the redistribution without authorization normal and has expanded rivalry between suppliers of data merchandise.
Digitization is the procedure by which innovation brings down the expenses of putting away, sharing and dissecting information. This procedure has changed how customers carry on, h ow modern action is sorted out, and how governments work.
The financial aspects of digitization exist as an unmistakable field of financial aspects for two reasons:
- New financial models are required on the grounds that numerous customary suspicions about data never again hold in a digitized world.
- The new kinds of information produced by digitization require new strategies to dissect.
Media Richness Selection
Advances media has given new live communication channels produced from clients, changing the center of mass correspondence and undermining the oligopoly of the media business.
Television and web have dependably contended to pull in more gatherings of people, yet as the substance of customary media outlets, for example, TV has turned out to be fundamentally the same as in all sources, and those outlets have tried to discover creative approaches to make tracks in an opposite direction from the cliché content by consolidating two systems. 1. Deliver reality-based substance 2. Discover approaches to enable beneficiaries to interface the gave content.
Media hypothesis gives a decent structure to break down the relative benefits of each channel.
- Media lavishness is a component of qualities: o Capacity to deal with different data signals at the same time o Capacity to set up an individual core interest o Capacity to use regular dialect o Capacity to encourage fast criticism
As for media lavishness elements, TV and advanced media are both ready to convey data in an alluring way utilizing interactive media apparatuses, yet the computerized media gives a similar data in excess of one frame and it’s frequently displayed by different sources with various information sources.
To the capacity to make customized content, TV has neglected to give this component, while the computerized media has figured out how to convey an individual substance particularly for each user.
As for the normal dialect factor, the quick pace world we live in today contains an immense measure of data and as indicated by Hebert Simon, “an abundance of data makes a neediness of attention”. Therefore, the advanced media has received a basic dialect and an abbreviated substance to convey messages in a clear strategy that enables beneficiaries to process the data effortlessly and effectively. The fourth factor is the factor of intelligence and capacity to get feedbacks.
Computerized media gives a prompt and exceptional approach to accumulate criticisms, it also enables the client to distribute, remark, share substance and it likewise empowers him to take an interest in talks, giving different clients an approach to measure the distinctive purpose of perspectives over various topics. Digital media additionally supplies sponsors with precise insights keeping in mind the end goal to assess the adequacy of promotions by giving a nitty gritty examination, dissimilar to TV, which has not been capable yet to give such insights. In this way, in every single basic measure TV has fizzled and new advanced media succeeded and its guarantee keeps on developing constantly with more advancement.
Media Concentration
Media Union/Media Joining -grouping of media possession is a procedure whereby logically less people or associations control expanding offers of the broad communications. Media fixation and its effect on pluralism have been what more is, are a focal point of correspondence thinks about, especially by schools and creators that have practical experience in contemplating telecasters. However, this dialog, which we could name scholastic, has consistently broken out of the hypothetical circle to end up the subject of wide political and social open deliberation.
The Different Commonly Accepted Meanings of “Concentration”
Fixation alludes five distinct wonders: 1. Focus tasks and business joining (i., corporate takeovers or mergers) 2. Possession focus 3. Advertise fixation 4. Group of onlooker’s fixations 5. Political – comprehended to be the centralization or collection of energy in one or a couple of associations emerging from their predominant position.
Mass-Customization
*In the Information Age Economy, balanced promoting and mass customization approaches are connected utilizing data innovation (IT) to exclusively target clients as indicated by their particular needs and inclinations in mass data and customization frameworks.
Noise in DATA - In spite of being the speediest, Big Data has neglected to give the best outcomes in numerous associations. This is because of the nearness of the insignificant information in their gathering. This unessential information not just prompts expanding the measure of information to be broke down, yet in addition builds the cost of administration, stockpiling abuse and nearness of obsolete information in your vault.
Lack of SECURITY – Even the examiners with huge information confirmation have neglected to check for the security-based issues. Cybercrime being the Robbery Ruler influences individuals to shudder in regards to the security of their information. Absence of security can prompt abuse and revelation of your own data. Indeed, even the most harming information robberies of the sum total of what time have been completed on some all-around rumored associations like Ebay, Evernote and Adobe.
Privacy Control – there is a major contrast amongst security and protection. Security manages the reality reboot if your information, is shielded or not from the outside robberies or theft. Protection fundamentally concerns you about the abuse of your information. There is no assurance that even the examiners with Big Data affirmation won’t alter your information or abuse it to their own asset. Every single data of yours is being shared and some place put away which can be effortlessly abused.
Cost – Cost analysis is a major factor and as the information measures is expanding the cost has been expanding exponentially. There are different components which cost you amid the entire method, including from capacity cost to breaking down cost. That, as well as contracting an expert with an absence of Big Data accreditation can prompt a seriously dissected cost of the entire information administration which thus prompts costing you more.
Bad Analytic Reports - implies a foul aftereffect of your information translation. This by and large happens when you incline toward going for an uncertified expert as opposed to an examiner with a Big Data confirmation. Example: Any association which offers am eatable thing with different flavors, it gets a foibly examined report may bear on delivering a flavor being opened by the general population. One of the Google’s task Flu Trends which was intended to precisely stamp the episode of this season’s cold virus in light of query items neglected to demonstrate the results because of awful breaking down of the undertaking.
Big Data has never failed in giving the most ideal approaches to oversee and handle that immense measure of information. With amazing outcomes, Big Data has driven us to incredible progressions. However, with awesome information coming incredible duties and extraordinary dangers. With the progression of time, we have seen that Big Data has separated from a few digital assaults and a few associations and individuals have been experiencing the absence of security and responsibility.
Avoiding the Dangers of Big Data 1. Foundation of some very much shaped digital security associations. 2. Influencing legitimate implementations to make Big Data to stand the information insurance laws. 3. Employing experts with some appropriate Big Data confirmation. 4. Disposition to the information required for the breaking down and capacity. 5. A pre-appraisal of the exceptions and information, causing Simpson’s Paradox. 6. Utilizing basic and not too bad calculation for the investigating of the information. 7. Legitimate laws for the responsibility of the calculations utilized for dissecting. 8. Lean toward on making our BDT focuses instead of utilizing an outsider supplier for it. 9. Legitimate keep an eye on the out of line elucidation and segregation finished with any distinct individual or association. Introduction to E-Science
Calculation has turned into a third mainstay of science nearby hypothesis and investigation. Numerous regions of science are winding up progressively collective, multidisciplinary, calculation concentrated. Research on numerous fronts is winding up increasingly reliant on calculation.
E-Science (eScience) is computationally concentrated science or science that utilizations amazing measure of informational index. It goes back to the 1950s when specialists and researchers initially utilized PCs as a feature of their exploration procedure. The term “e-science” was authored in 1999 by John Taylor, the Director General of the UK Office of Science and Technology (OST). It advances development in community information serious research over all controls. In this manner, e-science is utilized to portray computational escalated science, which utilizes massive informational collections require matrix. The expression “informational index” is utilized to allude to any type of information, for example, records, table, and accumulations. The lattice advances sharing, overseeing, and controlling dispersed processing assets. Some see e-science as a contemporary data wonder. It has influenced significant ramifications for the idea of logical to rehearse.
E-science refers to the kind of logical research that utilizations expansive scale registering framework to process substantial measure of information. It is an interdisciplinary branch of science that investigates and executes data innovation stages, which incorporate PC systems, PC data innovation, media transmission, and computational strategies.
Computational Science
Computational social science is the coordinated, interdisciplinary quest for social request with accentuation on data preparing and through the medium of cutting-edge calculation. The principle computational sociology zones are computerized data extraction frameworks, interpersonal organization examination, social geographic information system (GIS), multifaceted nature demonstrating, and social reproduction models. Much of the same as Galileo abused the telescope as the key instrument for watching and picking up more profound and experimentally honest comprehension of the physical universe, computational social researchers are figuring out how to misuse the progressed and progressively great instruments of calculation to see past the unmistakable range of more conventional disciplinary investigations.
Lesson 8 : Globalization and Human Development
Different Perspectives on a Globalized World
Globalization – (Martell 2010, Berry 2011) there are four waves of theoretical discourse to the analysis of this social phenomena.
- Hyperglobalist approach – is focused on the idea of globalization as economic transformation and conceives globalization the inevitable emergence of a single global capitalist market economy. It covers both a neoclassical and Marxist perspective.
- Skeptical approach – disputes the reality of globalization as a structural change. The world is not globalized or globalizing; globalization does not exist. Countries or nations have the influential power to counter the effects of globalization.
- Transformationalism or the geographical approach – it posits that globalization is the inevitable creation of a social space where culture is homogenous and trade is liberalized.
These three waves offer a materialist perspective of globalization in terms of structural change. It does not take into account the people who in their human behavior act as the main drivers in the structural context and material interests of their location (Berry 2008). 4. Variegated approach – (Berry2008, 2011) includes 4 main perspectives: - Hay’s third wave of globalization theory – certain economic and political actors producing a set of ideas to justify or legitimate change is globalization. It draws upon
- To offer simplified value propositions, the likes of which are bundled content and access plans providing clarity to new users on the benefits of the internet or how and what they are getting for the amount that they are paying.
- Additional mechanism for universal inclusion is disruptive technologies that bring the hardest to reach market or people online.
In summary, the three critical and interdependent markets which acts as the foundation of the internet points to 10 mechanisms that are necessary for global inclusion or access and connection to the world. The mechanisms are:
- Modernize networks
- Decentralize content distribution
- Build more national and international internet infrastructure
- Fulfill the need for education materials and services
- Improve social services offerings
- Provide economic opportunity
- Build more consultative distribution channels
- Reduce discovery costs
- Simplify the value proposition
- Disrupting for the last half-billion
Can We End Global Poverty by Tomorrow?
Technology used in the right way may very well end global poverty. The following are four technologies that may help end global poverty.
Blockchain – are public records of transactions made in cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin. Brian Singer, William Blair partner predicted in 2015 that emerging markets will be served well by having access to a cheap and transparent payment system through Blockchain. A transparent ledger, Blockchain prevents falsified land deeds from stealing the land of small farmers. Blockchain doesn’t need a physical building, can save foreign aid money and through the data provided, it can optimize a developing economy.
Smart Survey Boxes – collect data on energy quality and power outages. At first it seems to be unlikely candidate that can help end poverty. It is important to take note that during a crisis event having the right data could be what separates best response from a wrong action. It is an automated information collection which leaves very little room for human error and minimizes or even eliminates placing volunteers in unsafe areas.
Genetically Modified Crops – a study by Penn State conclude that “the technology may be more appropriate for farmers that have difficulty spraying pesticides and herbicides,” it’s easy to prove that it is beneficial to third world and developing countries.
Video Games – have immense teaching potential when executed positively. An example is an initiative in India described by the UN that taught English to children through mobile phone games. Similarly, in Somalia, taught money management skills and boosted job training and placement.
What is Human Development?
Human development is the process of improving people’s well-being and enlarging their freedoms and opportunities. It is about having true freedom to choose and decide on who we want to be, what to do and how to live our lives.
The concept of Human Development was developed by Dr. Mahbub ul Haq, a Pakistani Economist during the 1970s at the World Bank. He posited that the true purpose of development is to improve
people’s lives. He believed that the measure of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) failed to measure true human progress or well-being. He worked with Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen and other great economists, and in 1990 he published the first Human Development Report, commissioned by the UN Dev’t Program.
Central to human development is the Capability Approach where the concept of capabilities are the equipment one has to strive for and pursue to have a life of value. Capabilities are the things that people can do and what they can become, these are what they value to a fulfilling life. Virtually everyone values good health, access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Other capabilities are being able to participate in decision making that affects people’s lives, a certain control in one’s living environment, freedom from violence, to be respected, and to have time to relax and have fun. Societal conditions and institutions aside from our own doing either expands or constrains our capabilities.
Certain aspects of capability approach may be linked to Aristotle and Adam Smith but more recently is Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen who are credited for its development and proliferation. The core is, “well-being should be defined by people’s real and actual opportunities to undertake the pursuits that they desire (often referred to as ‘capabilities to function’) – and through these freedoms, be whom they would like to be.”
In contrast with other theories of well-being that focus on subjective measures or material things and means such as income, the capability approach prioritizes the actual opportunity of the ability of “beings and doings”.
According to Dr. Mahbub ul Haq, “the basic objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.” It is also defined as “a process of enlarging people’s choices”, “and strengthen human capabilities” that enables people to lead fuller, healthier, and longer lives. The approach focused on people, their opportunities, and their choices. He developed the Human Development Index, an alternative to money metrics like GDP, and some countries used it as an official government statistics.
True Development is people-centered unlike traditional development economics where development is growth of per capita real income. Human Development encompasses all aspects of development, it is holistic in its approach. In it, economic growth only becomes a subset of the whole human development paradigm.
Trade and Industrialization
Foreign trade actually came ahead industrialization by thousands of years. Nations or people from communities or islands travelled far and wide just to trade as evidenced by the travels of the early explores.
Industrialization began around the middle of the eighteenth century in Great Britain. It involved innovations in iron smelting, the invention of the steam engine, production of steel and railways, steamships, and other transport among others. Industrialization boosted trade and the trade spread the industrialization to other nations. From the start, industrialization has involved the interaction of three things: technology, specialization, and trade- the catalyst of structural change within economies.
Trade and Industrialization are integral to human development even if it is mainly related to economic growth, the ensuing opportunities coming from them enlarge people’s opportunities and choices for a better well-being. Economists and policymakers agree that governments in developing countries need to provide the infrastructure, promote market efficiency, and foster a stable macroeconomic environment to ensure that trade and industrialization happens in and outside their country.
Global Governance
because of the opportunity of each individual to access and share information through computers.
The second flattener is Netscape going public (Beck, 2000) and introducing new tools such as web browsers and the internet. The world became smaller because physical barriers are eliminated by the Internet. Communication and transfer information through long distance is made faster and easier.
The third flattener is “the existence of a wide range of software standards that allows every individual to do more using their computer”, (Boudreaux, 2008). This work flow software of codes is the language of computers that makes it possible for the said computers to send, receive, and read data anywhere.
The ability to upload information and content from the computer onto a network is the fourth force, (Boudreaux, 2008). Through an open source like Wikipedia and YouTube every individual can be an actual contributor or creator of new information. However, according to Friedman (2007), the ability to create and upload information can be very disruptive. Nobody knows if the info is true or false. It may also lead to downfall of many companies.
Outsourcing (Eriksen, 2007) is the fifth flattener. Third party sub-contracting to cut costs and increase efficiency have been the trend for more companies. Whether it be distribution of services or manufacturing products outsourcing is chosen to be the way to go for companies to perform better and save money. This endeavor is made easier through the installation of fiber optics cable worldwide which makes information and data transfer faster.
Offshoring is the sixth flattener (Eriksen, 2007). When the production plant of a company is moved from one country to another is called offshoring. This happens because of several reasons like lower taxes or cheaper labor.
Supply chaining is the seventh flattener (Holmes, 2008). Supply chaining is increasing the connection between suppliers to retailers to consumers. Coupled with the use of advanced technology, supply chaining is found to be one of the best methods to promote efficiency. Boundaries between consumers and manufacturers are virtually eliminated or minimized.
The eighth is insourcing (Holmes, 2008). This happen when one company hires another company to handle their supply chain.
The ninth is informing (Scholte, 2005). It deals with the easy access of obtaining information specifically provided by the World Wide Web through its various search engines. A lot of power is placed into the people’s hands all with just a click of the mouse.
The final flattener is called the steroids (Waters, 2001). According to Friedman, there are 3 types of steroids- the ever-changing trends in computer tech are digital steroids, mobile steroids allow users to work from anywhere such as wireless internet, and personal steroids is when inventions are cheap and small enough to be utilized.
According to experts, there are 7 unflatteners which does not make world flat or that which creates an imbalance:
Poverty – main cause of global inequality, as long as it exists there will be no flat world.
USA vs. World Economy – the world is generally dependent on the US Dollar creating an imbalance in world economy.
Half flat world – when local governments fail which could be due to corrupt officials or mismanaged governments.
Middle East – the never-ending wars in the Middle East and the threat of terrorism worldwide could set-up walls in different countries.
Digital Divide – people are either connected to the internet or not, and this creates the division and imbalance.
Suppression – suppression from within the family, culture, or governments
Tribalization – a strong cultural and personal identity could lead to misunderstanding and when taken to the extreme could lead to wars. An example could be the ongoing tensions in the South China Sea, territorial disputes of countries could trigger wars and there is a definite imbalance as to who is more technologically advance in weaponry
Lesson 9 : Diffusion of Digital Innovation
- Introduction to Digital Divide – it pertains to the gap between people who have internet access and those who do not have internet access. It may also be defined in terms of the skills people have in using technology in accessing and analyzing information.
Characteristic of the Digital Divide
- Technology knowledge.
- Access to computers and technology-related innovations.
Diffusion refers to the procedure when innovation is accepted in a community of a group of people. Factors that affect diffusion are: 1. Innovation itself 2. Information dissemination of the diffusion itself 3. Time 4. The social system where the innovation is introduced
Beliefs or Contracts that influence adoption of any (technological) innovation:
- Relative Advantage – refers to the functionality of a certain innovation and how this innovation is accepted by users in terms of economic age, the prestige that comes along and convenience.
- Complexity – refers to the degree of difficulty involved in using or understanding the innovation. It can also be referred to as ease of use and how simple the innovation is.
- Compatibility – refers to the consistency of an innovation in terms of present values, past experiences and the need of a potential user compare to the existing innovations.
- Trialability – refers to the opportunity for the prospective user to use the product for testing on a limited time basis. Actual hands on experience is necessary for the potential user to use the technology.
- Observability – refers to the opportunity for the user to see results of a particular innovation. If this is satisfied, the prospect or potential user will most likely adopt to it.
Determinants of Digital Divide
- Income a. Ability and capability to purchase and access technology.
- Education a. Having the necessary skills to understand digital innovations. Developed countries obviously offers a competitive digital edge.
- Infrastructure a. Having hardware support and physical locations to access technology.
Digital Gender Divide
Digital innovation has increased in the couple of years, unfortunately, for some women specially in developing countries are left behind which caused a gender digital divide. We are now going to look at three women who are trying to bridge this gap:
Ana Marie/Maria Martinez (CEO, Laboratoria, Peru)
- created a training program to identify and provide training for women coders to be used in their own business.
Neha Misra, Co-Founder, Chief Collaboration Officer, Solar Sister
- her company trains women to provide connectivity though the use of solar electricity focusing on lighting and clean-cooking solutions.
Esther Karwera, Chief Business Development Officer, Akorion Company Ltd., Uganda
- she is a developer and manager of a STEM program (science, technology, engineering and math) programs for young girls. This program aims to incorporate small farm holders to Uganda’s agriculture industry.
Impact of Digital Diffusion
The main question in determining technological diffusion is determining how technological users or prospects choose one technology over the other.
Rogers Theory of Diffusion and Innovation
One proponent to explain the diffusion of innovations is Everett Rogers. He is a Rural Psychologist whose study is focused on agricultural issues in the US and in developing countries. He mentioned that:
“The diffusion of innovations is essentially a social process in which subjectively perceived information about a new idea is communicated. The meaning of an innovation is thus gradually worked out through a process of social construction.” (xvii 1995)
He further identified 4 elements of Diffusion: 1. How innovation is perceived 2. Channels of communication 3. Time 4. Social Systems
The figure shows the some of the successful innovation represented by the S-Curve although this is not to say that most innovations are successful. The S-Curve is innovation and system specific.
Lesson 10 : Public Policy and Private Strategy
The need for security measures and countermeasures:
Security measures and policies are necessary to reduce the innate vulnerability of some of these innovations, most specially in using the internet. Individuals, groups, companies, organizations and the government need to set security measures and countermeasures to protect vital information.
- Cooperative efforts should be in place between the gov’t and private sector to ensure a positive and continuous impact on a nation’s industry and economic growth.
- Maximize the use of cryptography for individual privacy; maintain local and international global competitiveness, enforcement of the law, world leadership and national security.
- Extension of the protection of intellectual property rights in a local and international setting.
Positive and Negative Feedback
The emphasis on the increasing importance of technology created implications for policy makers for both the public and commercial tech worlds. The dilemma is how to strategize integration of these technological innovations and reap the benefits of technology and satisfy both users and providers of such technology.
Feedback on policies involving technology:
- Policies are unclear
- Information dissemination of policies is poor
- Policies are poorly written
- Some policies are outdated
- Careful study of potential effects is not often done
- Consultations with varied individuals, groups or companies are not often made
Measure to Improve Technological Policies
- For the academe – policy improvement should start in school. Students – specially in business schools should be encouraged to take policy classes.
- For companies – look into hiring applicants with experience or shows interest in policy-making. Companies should also be involved with other companies who are interested in improving policies and strategies in an organization.
- For entrepreneurs – actively look for opportunities to serve as board or tech expert.
There is a really need for policy-makers to catch up, innovate and fast track policies making because of the speed and agility of these tech innovations.
Living in the IT Era, Social Evolution: Perspective on Social Change, Introduction to Digitalization
Course: Living in the IT Era (GE6103)
University: AMA Computer University
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