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Use of Recycled Plastic Water Bottles in Concrete
Civil Engineering (BSCE 01)
Ateneo de Davao University
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Procedia Engineering 164 ( 2016 ) 214 – 221
1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (creativecommons/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the Creative Construction Conference 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.
ScienceDirect
Available online at sciencedirect
Creative Construction Conference 2016, CCC 2016, 25-28 June 2016
Use of recycled plastic water bottles in concrete blocks
Sina Safinia*, Amani Alkalbani
Middle East College ,KOM,Rusayl,Muscat PC 124,Oman Middle East College ,KOM,Rusayl,Muscat PC 124,Oman
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the possibility of using plastic bottles in concrete block. The plastic bottles were used to create voids at equal distance between them in the masonry units. Concrete was placed around each bottle to encase it in the masonry units. The study utilized 500-mL plastic bottles placed inside concrete masonry units and analyzed the compressive strength. The testing for compressive strength was determined according to the ASTM C140 standard. Results from this study were deemed reasonable due to the testing of concrete cylinders as a control of compressive strength for the concrete blocks from Oman’s market. This study shows 57% difference in the strength by using plastic bottles compared to local concrete blocks. This proves the necessity for further research regarding concrete mix design, amount of cement and properties of local concrete blocks as well as other technical and non-technical aspects to determine the appropriate mix design and feasibility in the production industry.
© 201 6 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the Creative Construction Conference 2016.
Keywords: c oncrete blocks, plastic bottles, recycled materials
1. Introduction Concrete masonry unit or concrete block is an important and common member in building construction in Oman. Usage of plastic water bottles are increasing rapidly in Oman and this country is facing the challenge of overflowing of landfills and impacts of disposal of plastic water bottles. Moreover the plastic bottles can provide thermal insulation that can reduce the consumption of electricity for cooling which is highly important since Oman has
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +968-92064083; fax: ++968- 24446028.. E-mail address: sn_safinia@yahoo
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (creativecommons/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the Creative Construction Conference 2016
subtropical dry hot desert climate. This research intends to study the possibility of using recycled plastic water bottles within the local concrete blocks for the purpose of building construction with the focus of verifying the compressive strength. Hollow concrete block is a significant kind of masonry units existing for the builders and its application for masonry construction is increasing continuously. (Ahmad et al, 2014) Hollow concrete blocks may be used, as alternatives to bricks and traditional stones in construction and buildings. Due to its smaller weight and ease of transfer compared to bricks. Moreover it provides an advantage of uniform quality as well as speeding in construction and the largest durability. On one hand economically, they are less expensive, and consume less cement and less involvement of laborers. In addition, they can be used, in different places. Such as the interior walls, exterior walls bearing, and columns, the compound walls, and retaining walls etc. (Maroliya, 2012) several researches completed particularly to study the compressive behavior of concrete blocks mixed with other materials, commencing with ‘High-Performance Concrete Masonry-Block Mix Design’ by Amiri et al. This research was conducted on concrete block masonry design in 1994. This study looked at 41 different kinds of concrete mix designs and assessed the compressive strength of concrete with different types of aggregates. Amiri et al study determined that use of a minimum void gradation and a maximum aggregate size 1/4 inch (6 mm) allow a high- performance of lightweight to reduce the cost of concrete masonry block. Chandrakeerthy investigated on four test methods concerning properties of cement blocks to study the relationship of variables and properties with compressive strength at 1991. Chandrakeethy’s study suggests the implementation of one part cement to one part sand capping with plywood packing. Compressive behavior of concrete with vitrified soil aggregate was tested by Palmquist et al through examination of 10 batches at four different coarse aggregate volume fractions with three different combinations of vitrified and natural coarse aggregates. Results show that compressive strength decreases when volume fraction of vitrified soil aggregate increases. (2001). Researches by Ahmad et al (2014) to compare masonry hollow concrete block and masonry brick and Maroliya (2012) on load carrying capacity of hollow concrete block masonry wall confirmed that the strength of hollow concrete block masonry wall is lower than brick masonry wall but the cost of construction of hollow concrete masonry wall is less. Stahl et al (2002) used recycled wood aggregate to prepare lightweight concrete masonry blocks and control the outcome to meet the conditions of ASTM C129 cylinders and blocks were tested and found to be complying with the standard in terms of weight, compressive strength and durability. However economic performance was not studied. The idea of using plastic bottles in concrete building construction was originated by Andreas Froses in Eco-Tec in 2001 where PET bottles are installed within the walls along with mortars to shape a structure (Froese, 2014). The Engineers without Borders at Kansas State University have worked on a method to use plastic bottles in wall construction of concrete walls. These plastic bottles were installed horizontally with concrete as mortar between them and also in the sides. Further tests were conducted to examine the compressive strength of concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores. Results of the tests according to ASTM C140 showed that compressive strength is reasonable however further studies suggested to confirm the validity incase used in developing countries (Wonderlich et al, 2014) Oman is facing challenges with regards to solid waste management and recycling. Since potable water mains do not exist in Oman consuming bottled water is greatly common and therefore waste plastic bottles management is a major challenge. Moreover hollow concrete blocks are vastly used in building construction in and thermal insulation of walls is another challenge that is faced in the hot dry climate of Oman. Using plastic bottles inside hollow concrete blocks may be a solution to some of the stated challenges. This study attempts to verify this method within the local concrete block products with the focus of testing the compressive strength for the purpose of initial validation of this method in Oman.
2. Methodology
The method of study designed for this research included tests for eight concrete blocks, seven concrete cylinders and six hollow concrete blocks from Oman’s market. In Each block eight plastic bottles (500ml) was positioned. Main purpose is to control the concrete masonry to meet the ASTM C140 requirements. The compressive strength test was conducted for three times. First test was after 7days, the second time after 14 days and the last after 28 days. Further on the compressive strength of cylinders, bottle blocks and hollow concrete markets were demonstrated.
2.1. Hollow Concrete Blocks from Oman’s Construction market The sizes of Hollow Concrete Block which is available in Oman’s construction market (product of Oriental Insulated Block CO.L.L) Hollow Block is 200 X 200 X 400 with 20kg weight and eight specimen was used in the test to compare the compressive strength.
2. Compressive Strength test procedures
This test procedure was based on the ASTM C140 Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units procedure. For this procedure there are two loads that were needed to be determined. The ultimate / load, Pu, is and the estimated load, Pest.
3. Results
3. Compressive strength comparison
Test of Cylinder Strength
Sample Code Diameter(mm) Area(mm 2 ) Maximum Load(N) Compressive Strength (Mpa)
CY-7D(1) 150 17671 185012 10. CY-7D(2) 150 17671 217554 12. CY-14D(1) 150 17671 432822 24. CY-14D(2) 150 17671 436630 24. CY-28D(1) 150 17671 459988 26. CY-28D(2) 150 17671 449915 25. CY-28D(3) 150 17671 455994 25. Table 4. Test Results from Cylinder Tests
Table 4 shows the results from the cylinder testing. The first batch was tested after 7 days for CY-7D (1) and CY- 7D (2). The second batch tested after 14 days for CY-14D (1), CY-14D (2) and CY-14D (3). The last batch was tested after 28 days for CY-28D (1) and CY-28D (2). By measuring the diameter of the cylinder on the top surface or bottom surfaces determined the diameter which used to calculate the area for each cylinder. Maximum load is given by the Mastest (Compressive strength test Machine) for the ultimate load at which failure occurs. Maximum load is given with an accuracy of ± 1%. The compressive strength of each cylinder is determined by taking the
Figure 1 and 2 of Concrete block with 8 plastic bottles (500ml)
maximum load of the cylinder and dividing it by the area of the cylinder. This compressive strength is then used to determine the estimated load of failure for the concrete masonry units. The compressive strength of cylinders between the 7 days and 14 days increase around 13 Mpa and the difference of compressive strength of cylinders between 14 days and 28 days around 1 Mpa.
Test of Concrete Block Strength Sample Code Gross Area (mm 2 ) Maximum Load (KN) Gross Compressive Strength (Mpa) CB-7D(1) 76000 458736 6. CB-7D(2) 76000 552520 7. CB-7D(3) 76000 584744 7. CB-14D(1) 76000 688138 9. CB-14D(2) 76000 748976 9. CB-28D(1) 76000 752400 9. CB-28D(2) 76000 760000 10. CB-28D(3) 76000 775200 10. Table 5. the results from the concrete masonry unit testing with plastic bottle cores.
The 8 specimens are used in 3 batches and each batch had different time. The first batch was after 7 days for CB- 7D (1), CB-7D (2) and CB-7D (3). The second batch was tested after 14 days for CB-14D (1), CB-14D (2) and CB- 14D (3). The last batch was tested after 28 days for CB-28D (1) and CB-28D (2). The gross area of the concrete block was determined in accordance with ASTM C140 standard. The dimension measurements were width and length of each specimen was used to determine the gross area. Maximum load for each block was determined from the same machine that used for cylinder testing. The maximum load is given with an accuracy of ± 1%. The compressive strength is determined by taking the maximum load of each block and dividing it by the area of each concrete block. The above table reveals the difference between compressive strength of concrete block between 7 days and 14 days is about 2 Mpa, while the difference of compressive strength of concrete block between 14 days and 28 days is around 0 7 Mpa. There difference between the values of compressive strength of cylinder and values of compressive strength of concrete block id due to the different of gross area between the cylinder and concrete block.
Test Hollow Concrete Block from Oman’s Market Sample Code Gross Area (mm 2 ) Maximum Load(KN) Gross Compressive Strength(Mpa) HCB-28(1) 74100 472410 6. HCB-28(2) 74100 523212 7. HCB-28(3) 74100 441870 5. HCB-28(4) 74100 385751 5. HCB-28(5) 74100 480027 6. HCB-28(6) 74100 535212 7. Table 6. Test results from Hollow Concrete Block
Table 6 shows the test results of hollow concrete blocks from the Oman’s market. There were 6 specimens for one batch which was considered as after 28 days. The specimens labelled HCB-28(1) to HCB-28(6). The gross Area is determined by measuring the length and width of the block. The reading of maximum load is determined by the machine and its diagram that draw during the test. Gross compressive strength is determined by taking the maximum load value and dividing it by the gross Area. Regarding the results above the difference between plastic bottled block after 28 days and the hollow concrete blocks which are from the market is about 3 Mpa.
Weight of Hollow concrete block after 28 days Value (Kg)
HCB- 28D (1) 20. HCB- 28D (2) 20. HCB- 28D (3) 20. HCB-28D (4) 19. HCB-28D (5) 20. HCB-28D (6) 20. Table 11: The weight of concrete block test after 14 days
The average weight of Hollow Concrete Block = ଶǤ଼ାଶǤଷାଶǤସ଼ାଵଽǤସାଶǤ଼ଶାଶǤଵଶ = 20 Kg Volume of Hollow Concrete Block = 0× 0 × 0 = 0 ݉ 3 Density of Hollow Concrete Block = ଶǤ଼ൈଽǤ଼ଵǤଵସଵ =13991 N/m 3 From the results above, we can see the difference between the density of concrete blocks after 14 days and 28 days is very small, while the difference between the density of concrete block and the density of hollow concrete block is about 2 kN/m 3 and that regarding to the size of the openings in hollow concrete block, however the size of block is the same size of our concrete blocks.
Conclusion
This study verifies the compressive study of plastic bottled concrete blocks used with local materials. The proximity of compressive strength and density between cylinder, bottled concrete blocks and hollow concrete blocks are acceptable. Moreover in comparison to Omani hollow concrete blocks the concrete blocks with plastic bottles shown 57% higher compressive strength. Further research on the other properties, economics and environmental benefits can be conducted to confirm the practice of using water bottles inside concrete blocks.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the management of civil engineering department in Middle East College, Dr Sirvastav and Dr Kishore Manchiryal for their support and encouragement, the laboratory technician Mr Balushi for his assistance in preparation of the materials and test process.
Appendix A. Photos of the specimens
Figure 3, 4, 5 and 6 : The Cylinder after the test.
Figure 7, 8, 9 and 10 : The Concrete Blocks after the test.
Figure 11, 12 and 13 : The Hollow Concrete Blocks after the test.
References [1] R. Ahmad, M I Malik, M U Jan, P Ahmad, H Seth, J Ahmad Brick (2014), Masonry and Hollow Concrete Block Masonry – A Comparative Study, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp (14-21), Month: October 2013-March 2014 [2] M K Maroliya (2012), Load Carrying Capacity Of Hollow Concrete Block Masonry Wall, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications , Vol. 2, Issue 6, November- December 2012, pp (382-385) [3] B. Amiri, G L. Krause, and M K. Tadros (1994), Lightweight High-Performance Concrete Masonry-Block Mix Design, Materials Journal, Volume : 91, Issue: PP (495-501) [4] S R. De Silva Chandrakeerthy. (1991), Compressive Strength Test for Low-Strength Cement Blocks, Journal of Structural Engineering , Vol. 117, Issue 3 (March 1991) [5] S M. Palmquist, D C. Jansen, and C W. Swan Compressive, (2001), Behavior of Concrete with Vitrified Soil Aggregate." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering Volume 13, Issue 5 ,October 2001, pp (389-394) [6] D C, G. Skoraczewski, P, and B. Stempski, (2002),Lightweight Concrete Masonry with Recycled Wood Aggregate, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 14 (2002): 116-21. [7] Andreas Froese , Environmental Consultant. Eco-tecnologia. Web. accessed 15 February 2015 [8] S M. Wonderlich, Strength of concrete masonry units with plastic bottle cores, Thesis for graduation of Master of Science degree, Department: Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction, Kansas State University, supervisors Professor: Kimberly Waggle Kramer and Bill Zhang , Publication Date: 2014 [9] ASTM Standard C140, 2012 (2014), “Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA [10]ASTM Standard C1552, 2012 (2014), “Standard Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Related Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression Testing.” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA [11] ASTM Standard C39, 2014 (2014), “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA
Use of Recycled Plastic Water Bottles in Concrete
Course: Civil Engineering (BSCE 01)
University: Ateneo de Davao University
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