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ELS11 Q2 Wk1 thebeginningoflife Ifugao Hoggang
Science 10 (SCI10)
Ateneo de Manila University
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The Beginning
of Life
Module in Earth and Life Science 11
Second Quarter
Original image by: Arnold Manoddom
CECILIA M. HOGGANG
Developer
Department of Education ● Cordillera Administrative Region
ii
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education Cordillera Administrative Region Schools Division of CAR Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet
Published by Learning Resource Management and Development System
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
(2020)
Section 9 or Presidential Decree No. 49, series of 1972 provides:
“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency of office wherein work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.”
This material has been developed for the implementation of K-12 Curriculum through the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID) – Learning Resource Management and Development Systems (LRMDS). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the source must be acknowledged. Derivatives of the works including creating an edited version, an enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original work is acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this material for commercial purposes and profit.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The developer wishes to give due credit to the following for their untiring support
in making this module possible:
Jane Dulawan, EPS- Science for her evaluation and support; Rosa Humiwat, PSDS of Lamut district for her support in the making of this LR; Honorio Pumihic, School Head of ITVHS for his encouragement and support; Isabel U. Bongtiwon, Teacher-in-Charge for encouragement and technical
assistance;
Her husband Jun and children (Junile Kurt, Jess Angelo, Jean Rose Miriam) for
the inspiration and moral support;
The Almighty , the source of power, wisdom and knowledge and whose
outpouring mercy and grace led to the completion of this work.
DIVISION LRMS STAFF
SHAILA S. TAKINAN NANCY G. NALUNNE
Librarian-II PDO-II
JOVITA NAMINGIT
EPS-LRMDS
CONSULTANTS
MARCIANA AYDINAN, PhD Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
GERALDINE B. GAWI, EdD OIC, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
BENEDICTA B. GAMATERO
OIC- Schools Division Superintendent
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page ........................................................................ i
Copyright Notice ........................................................................... ii
Preface....................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgement........................................................................... iv
Table of contents........................................................................... v
Title Page .................................................................................
What I Need to Know ...............................................................
What I Know .................................................................................
What’s in .................................................................................
What’s New .................................................................................
What’s in It .................................................................................
What More .................................................................................
Activity 1 ........................................................................ Activity 2 ........................................................................ Activity 3 ........................................................................
What I Have Learned ...............................................................
What I Can Do ........................................................................ 12
Assessment................................................................................... 13
Additional Activity ......................................................................... 16
Key Answers .................................................................................. 17
References ................................................................................. 18
Feedback .....................................................................................
The Beginning
of Life
Module in Earth and Life Science 11
Second Quarter
CECILIA M. HOGGANG
Developer
What I Need to Know
This module is about the origin of Life — one of the most fascinating of all subjects of enquiry. It is one of the most profound (and difficult) scientific questions that we can address. But it is much more than that, for the answers we find to this scientific question have a bearing on our own search for identity.
For the facilitator : As the facilitator of this module, be a model, a leader, a referee, a peace builder, a cheer leader and a prophet. Show by your words that you like and respect the learner and be ready to hear his views. Set the agenda, keep the student focused while following the ground rules and challenge the learner’s views positively. Be honest about your own limitations. Allow the learner to speak his views. Encourage the learner to continue learning until he is done with the module. Make it safe for the learner to share viewpoints. Inspire and challenge the learner’s visions for a better future.
For the Learner: Please keep this material neat and clean. Read every page thoroughly and follow instructions in every activity carefully. All questions should be answered independently in a separate sheet of paper. Be sure to compare your answers to the KEY ANSWERS found near the last page only after you have answered the given tasks. If you have questions and clarifications, feel free to as your teacher or your facilitator. After going through this module, you are expected to:
a. cite evidences on the beginning of life; b. give the conditions that may have enabled life to evolve; and c. explain the experiments performed by early scientists on the beginning of life.
Which is not hypothesized by Alexander I. Oparin? A. Energy of lightning and ultraviolet rays from the sun caused these gases to combine and form chemical compounds. B. The atmosphere of primitive earth contained gases like ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water vapor C. When chemical compounds mix with rain, they form complex organic molecules which was similar to what living things are made of. D. None of the above
What does abiogenesis mean? A. It is the same thing as spontaneous generation. B. It describes the emergence of life forms from nonliving chemical systems. C. It is another name for natural selection D. It describes the emergence of small organisms from mud.
What were the first living cells on Earth most likely are? A. autotrophs B. capable of photosynthesis C. dependent on the oxygen in the atmosphere. D. heterotrophs
Which is NOT a step in the emergence of life proposed by Oparin? A. Lighting sparked chemical reactions among simple organic compounds in the primordial soup. B. Molecules began copying themselves, using other molecules in the primordial soup as building blocks. C. Photosynthesis supplied the oxygen necessary for self-copying molecules to thrive and form membranes. D. Self-copying molecules ate the primordial soup.
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey recreated Earth’s early atmosphere in a test tube. Then they bombarded the chemical mixture with ultraviolet light and simulated lightning. What were the results? A. RNA molecules formed. B. DNA molecules emerged. C. Cell membranes had formed D. Amino acids and other biological molecules were created.
Which of the following is essential to life? A. energy source B. essential chemicals C. water D. all of the three
All the elements below can combine to form proteins and nucleic acids. Which does not belong to the group? A. helium B. hydrogen C. nitrogen D. water
Which of the following does not explain why water is essential to life? A. It is an excellent solvent. B. Biological reactions take place in water C. Life forms are usually made primarily of water. D. None of the above
Why is energy required for life? A. It is needed for growth, reproduction and response to stimuli B. To put together chemicals that form an individual C. Both A and B D. None of the above
Why is temperature though not direct, essential for life? A. Organisms need high temperature B. Organisms need low temperature C. Temperature allows water to be in liquid form D. None of the above
What’s in it?
Do you think you got the correct answers? Why do you say so? Read the lesson below to find out the correct answers.
How did life on earth begin?
Bacteria have been the very first organisms to live on Earth. They made their appearance 3 billion years ago in the waters of the first oceans. At first, there were only anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria. The first autotrophic bacteria, very similar to the current cyanobacteria, appeared approximately 2 billion years ago. Photosynthesis occurred in these organisms and this is how the atmosphere was enriched with precious oxygen. Cyanobacteria or blue algae made the primitive atmosphere breathable and allowed life to colonize the lands above sea level.
Man has just recently become aware of the existence of bacteria because they were too small to be observed or studied before the microscope was invented.
For some then the origin of life could be explained by the spontaneous generation theory which states that life forms can be generated from inanimate objects. This belief had been around since the time of Aristotle.
Francisco Redi was able to disprove the spontaneous generation theory when he experimented by placing meat in all the jars, but covered four of the jars with muslin. Maggots developed in the open jars but did not develop in the muslin- covered jars.
In the late 1700’s, Lazaro Spallanzi likewise tried to disprove the spontaneous generation theory by performing a controlled experiment with broth. He put broth in flasks and sterilized them both by boiling the broth. One of the flasks was left open to the air. The other flasks were sealed up to keep out any organisms that might be floating in the air. Microorganisms developed only in the uncovered flask. From this Spallanzi concluded that: a. The microorganisms did not come from the broth but were in the air that entered the flask. b. Not even microorganisms came from nonliving things.
In 1953, Alexander I. Oparin, A Russian scientist hypothesized that the atmosphere of primitive earth contained gases like ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and water vapor. He explained that energy of lightning and ultraviolet rays from the sun
caused these gases to combine and form chemical compounds. As they mixed with rain and hot seas, they formed complex organic molecules which was similar to what living things are made of.
An American scientist, Stanley I. Miller performed an experiment using a mixture of the gases suggested by Oparin. He introduced electrical sparks into the mixture. After a few days, molecules similar to amino acids that are found in all living things were formed. His experiment proved that the first organic molecules could have been formed from the primitive earth. Living cells may have arisen on early earth through a series of chemical combinations of these organic compounds.
The Cellular Basis of Life The study of the cellular basis of life has started when Robert Hooke first observed tiny compartments in a sliced piece of cork from a mature tree. He gave them the Latin name cellulae (meaning small rooms) hence the origin of the biological term “cell”. By 1839, the zoologist Theodor Schwann reported the presence of cells in animal tissues. Cytology is the study of cells. All living things are made up of cells. Life starts from a cell- a fertilized egg or a zygote. A zygote divides into two and each newly formed cell subdivides. Further divisions form a multitude of cells which organize into tissues, tissues into organs and organs into organ systems.
Liquid water is essential because biochemical reactions take place in water. Life as we know contains specific combinations of elements including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that combine to form proteins and nucleic acids which can replicate genetic code. All the basic elements are formed in stars and distributed throughout space as a result of giant explosions called supernovas. Since these essential chemicals are quite common in other places in the Universe we can expect that the development of life somewhere else is also possible.
Organisms require energy to assimilate or put together the chemicals that form an individual. Energy is also required for the organism to grow, reproduce, and respond to the environment. Energy sources may include other organisms, light, or inorganic compounds. The most common source of energy on the Earth is photosynthesis, which transforms sunlight into food. This process will not work very well for the outer Solar System, because not much light reaches such great distances.
What’s More?
Activity 1
In the notes above, you were able to understand how life on earth began. Now you are going to check your understanding of the concepts you have learned. Go to the activity on the next page.
Assessment 1: Complete the table by writing the timeline on the first column and the evidence on the evolution of life in the second column. Use a separate sheet for your answer. A sample answer is given for you.
Timeline Pieces Of Evidence On The Evolution Of Life 4 to 3 billion yrs. ago Microbes were seen
Activity 2: Ingredients Needed for Life
Direction: The statements below are either conditions which enable life to evolve or not. Write positive if the statement supports life and negative if it does not. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
- Liquid water supports life. It is necessary for many chemical reactions to happen.
- Essential chemicals and energy support life. Energy can either be in light or chemical form. Both forms fuel the metabolic reactions that allow life to reproduce.
- The main source of energy is food.
- Organisms can live with just water for a very long time even without the other conditions.
- Liquid water, essential chemicals and energy source are the most important ingredients of life.
Questions: 1. Which of the statements above are positive? Which ones are negative? Explain why. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________. 2. What conditions enable life to evolve? ______________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________.
Activity 3: Experiments Performed by Early Scientists on the Beginning of Life Direction: You are a tutor of a classmate who has been absent for three days and missed the lesson on the experiments performed by early scientists on the beginning of life. How will you explain to him in your own words_?_ Write your explanation on your answer sheet. . 1. Aristotle’s Spontaneous Theory _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________. 2. Francisco Redi’s experiment
_________________________________________________________. 3. Lazaro Spallanzi’s experiment
_______________________________________________________________.
What I Have Learned
Maggots spontaneous Lazaro Spallanzani Stanley I. Miller Alexander Oparin
The _______________ generation theory states that life forms can be generated from inanimate objects.
Francisco Redi experimented on meat in jars. ___________ developed in the open jars but did not develop in the muslin- covered jars.
_________________ experiment proved that microorganisms did not come from the broth nor nonliving things.
He hypothesized that the atmosphere of primitive earth contained gases lie ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water vapor. _________
_____________ performed an experiment using a mixture of the gases by Oparin and introduced electrical sparks into the mixture.
Provide what is asked for in the following questions to check your understanding of the concepts that you have learned. Use the words below. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. All items must be answered. Take note of the items you missed to answer correctly and find the correct answer in the answer key.
The spontaneous generation theory states that life forms can be generated from inanimate objects. What can you say about the statement? A. It is true. B. It is false. C. It is either true or false. D. None of the above
Why did it take millions of years for life to appear on Earth after the planet had formed? A. The planet had cooled down enough to sustain life. B. The planet had warmed up enough to sustain life. C. Life on Earth could begin only when seedlings arrived on our planet from other worlds. D. It took millions of years for RNA to replace DNA.
Is Aristotle the first person to propose the idea of spontaneous generation? A. Yes, he is. B. No, he isn’t C. He is partly the proponent of the spontaneous generation. D. He did not propose any.
Why did Anaximander decide that humans descended from fish more than 2, years ago? A. fish offspring are born ready to survive on their own. B. fish skeletons were strikingly similar to human skeletons. C. the way that fish mothers care for their young is similar to how human parents care for their young. D. this was a natural progression since it was already demonstrated that small living organisms came from the nonliving mud at the bottom of the sea.
Now that you understood the topic better, you are now ready to answer the following assessment.
Who made use of broth in his experiment to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation once and for all? A. Aristotle B. John Needham C. Lazaro Spallanzani D. Louis Pasteur
Which is considered as a hypothesis of Alexander I. Oparin? A. Energy of lightning and ultraviolet rays from the sun caused these gases to combine and form chemical compounds. B. The atmosphere of primitive earth contained gases like ammonia, methane, hydrogen and water vapor C. When chemical compounds mix with rain, they form complex organic molecules which was similar to what living things are made of. D. All of the above
It is the most reactive element which combine with oxygen to form water. A. carbon B. hydrogen C. nitrogen D. sulfur
Which is the best meaning of abiogenesis? A. It describes the emergence of life forms from nonliving chemical systems. B. It is another name for natural selection C. It means the same thing as spontaneous generation. D. It describes the emergence of small organisms from mud.
How do you describe the first living cells on Earth? A. They were autotrophs. B. They were capable of photosynthesis C. They were heterotrophs D. They were dependent on the oxygen in the atmosphere.
Which is the first step in the emergence of life proposed by Oparin? A. Lighting sparked chemical reactions among simple organic compounds in the primordial soup. B. Molecules began copying themselves, using other molecules in the primordial soup as building blocks. C. Photosynthesis supplied the oxygen necessary for self-copying molecules to thrive and form membranes. D. Self-copying molecules ate the primordial soup.
ELS11 Q2 Wk1 thebeginningoflife Ifugao Hoggang
Course: Science 10 (SCI10)
University: Ateneo de Manila University
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