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WEEK 1 Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Practical Research II
Baliuag University
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Practical Research II
WEEK 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
MAENARD GRACE L. BILLENA Hannah Emmanuelle M. Montelijao | STEM 12 - A
OUTLINE I. Research A. Quantitative Research B. Characteristics
- Purpose
- Samples
- Criteria for Respondents
- Design of Method
- Data Collection Approach
- Type of Data Collected
- Form of Data Collected
- Role of Researcher
- Research Independence
- Results C. Summarized Characteristics
- Replicability
- Empirical
- Objective
- Controlled
- Analytical
- Logical/Systematic
- Critical
- Cyclical D. Strengths of Quantitative Research E. Weaknesses of Quantitative Research F. Kinds of Quantitative Research
- Survey Research
- Descriptive Research
- Correlational Research
- Ex post facto (Causal-Comparative Research)
- Quasi-Experimental Research G. Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
- Traffic Management Science
- Psychology
- Business Management
- Education
- Marketing
- Political Science
- Demography
- Social Inquiry
- Arts
- ICT
- Agriculture and Fisheries
- Science (Medicine)
- Sports
RESEARCH
● systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the
presumed relations among natural phenomena (Kerlinger,1973) ● QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ○ systematic or step by step investigation of observable phenomena by gathering quantifiable data (numbers) and performing statistical, mathematical or computational techniques. ○ results are in the form of numbers (gathered from selected respondents through on line surveys, online polls, questionnaires, etc.) CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE PURPOSE ● test of hypothesis ● look at cause and effect ● make predictions ● seek common, representative features SAMPLES ● large and randomly selected samples (produce generalizable results) ● respondents are randomly selected with equal chance to be selected CRITERIA FOR RESPONDENTS ● only a part of the entire population will participate in the study by determining the sample size. DESIGN OF METHOD ● Systematic – done in a step by step manner ● conduct of the study is organized. DATA COLLECTION APPROACH ● Choices are already given for the respondents to choose from like that of a Likert Scale
TYPE OF DATA COLLECTED
● Number and statistics – descriptive data are given corresponding numerical values.
FORM OF DATA COLLECTED
● based on precise measurements using structured and validated data-collection instruments. ● in the form of numbers since textual descriptions were given numerical values ○ Ex. Out of 185 respondents, 92 are females and 93 are males. 54 females strongly agree that they enjoy using calculators, 21 said that they agree and 17 answered that they disagree to enjoy using calculators.
ROLE OF RESEARCH
● biases are not known to the participants in the study, and participant characteristics are hidden from the researcher. ● not aware of who will be the respondents of the study. ● He/ She is just aware of the group and number of respondents who will participate but not with the specific individuals.
RESEARCH INDEPENDENCE ● uninvolved observer, results are objective
RESULTS ● generalizable findings that can be applied to other population ○ Ex. The result of the study conducted to 185 respondents can be true to 348 total members of the population SUMMARIZED CHARACTERISTICS
Replicability
use of the same instruments to different subjects and venue Ex: Research instrument used to determine the attitude of STEM students towards Math can be used to ABM students to measure also their attitude towards Math.
Empirical
based on direct experience or observation; data gathered are from actual conduct of the study, not from theory or logic. Ex. Joy conducted a study on the attitude of G11 ABM students towards Math. Whatever data will be gathered by Joy will be used in analyzing, finding the result, and drawing conclusion.
Objective
unbiased Ex. During the distribution and answering of the instrument, the researcher should not influence the respondents with his/her personal feelings or opinions by convincing the respondents to answer what the researcher wants
Controlled
variables being studied are within the scope of the study. Ex. If Joy’s study is about the attitude of ABM students towards Math, she should focus only on the attitude towards Math. No need to include other variables like difficulties encountered, academic performance and others.
Analytical
utilize proven analytical procedures Ex. In analyzing the data gathered by Joy in her study, she can use appropriate statistical tools like mean, or standard deviation in order to come up with the correct result/answer to the research questions
Logical/ Systematic
done in an orderly manner. Ex. In conducting research, Joy followed correct and reliable procedure to come up with precise and accurate result
Critical
exhibits careful and precise judgment Ex. After thorough analysis of data gathered, Joy came up with the result of the study. She drew conclusion and made some recommendations based on the results and not from theory
Cyclical
research starts with a problem and ends in a problem. Ex. At the beginning, Joy came up with a research gap/ problem that she wanted to find solution. After conducting the experiment, finding the result, drawing conclusion, and making some recommendations, another problem arises that needed to be solved.
STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- It can be REPLICATED or repeated in other contexts. ● Conducting a previous study to the present with the same methodology but with different subjects or respondents
- It provides findings that are GENERALIZABLE to a large population. ● The results do not only represent the samples but also the population at a larger scale.
- It can establish CAUSALITY more conclusively. ● It looks at the connections between variables (independent and dependent) and establishes unquestionable cause and effect relationships. ● Independent variable – cause variable/being manipulated ● Dependent variable – effect variable/ being measured
- It can MAKE PREDICTIONS based on numerical, quantifiable data. ● can create forecasts based on the data gathered expressed in numbers and not from a theory. ● Data analysis using statistical software is faster. Analysis of data can be done by using computer software such as SPSS or PASW. ● Data-gathering techniques – typically less demanding compared with those in qualitative research. ● Data gathering – done simultaneously to the selected respondents of the study. ● Common quantitative methods in data collection are used like telephone interviews, online surveys, etc.
- It has a LOW DEGREE OF SUBJECTIVITY. ● Respondents are randomly selected to avoid bias. ● researcher should remain neutral as possible and distanced from what he/she studies so findings depend on the nature of what was studied rather than on the personality, belief and values of the researcher.
- Its VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY CAN BE MEASURED
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● VARIABLES: Groups exposed to the presumed cause are compared with those who are not exposed to it. ● EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION: not used. ● DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUE: Questionnaire ● Sample Studies: ○ Comparison of Personal, Social and Academic Variables Related to University Drop-out rate and Persistence (Bernardo, et al., 2016) ○ Effects of Instagram on the Visual Literacy of Teenager QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
● respondents are not randomly assigned; ● intact (established) groups are used. ● provides limited conclusiveness in establishing causal relationships between variables ● Match-paired: a form of quasi-experimental assignment of subjects. ● VARIABLES: At least one variable is manipulated to determine the effect of the manipulation. ● EXPERIMENTAL MANIPULATION: Experimental manipulation may have limited use. ● Sample Study: ○ The Impact of Smoking Bans on Smoking and Consumer Behavior: Quasiexperimental Evidence from Switzerland (Boes, Marti, & Maclean, 2014) EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
● also known as true experimentation; reliant on a theory/ies. ● analysis is done around proving or disproving the statement. ● used in natural sciences. ● there can be multiple theories in experimental research. ● theory: a statement which can be verified or refuted. ● Intact groups are not used; Individual subjects are randomly assigned to the treatment and control groups. ○ the random assignment of individual subject provides more conclusiveness as to the causal relationships between the variables. ● Sample Studies: ○ Effects of Mobile Technology Use on Walking (Perlmutters, et al., 2014) ○ Problem-based Learning Approach Effect in the Performance of Learners in Biology 1
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WEEK 1 Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Course: Practical Research II
University: Baliuag University
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