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Earthand Life Sci 12 Q1 Mod5 Earth Materials and Processes v3
Education
Bohol Island State University
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NOT
EARTH AND LIFE
SCIENCE
Quarter 1 – Module 5
EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
Senior High School
Earth and Life Sciences - Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1- Module 5: Earth Materials and Processes
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalty.
Borrowed materials (i., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V
Development Team of the Module Author/s: Aprilyn B. Marin Reviewers: Content - Jean S. Macasero Language - Shirley Merida, Duque Caguigangan Eleonor Rollan, Rosemarie Dullente Marife Ramos, January Gay Valenzona, Layout - Mary Anthony C. Sieras Arnold Langam, Amelito Bucod
Illustrator and Layout Artist: Jessica B. Cuńado Management Team Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent
Co-Chairpersons: Alicia E. Anghay, PhD, CESE Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Members: Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC - CID Chief Jean S. Macasero, EPS - Science Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II Gemma Pajayon, PDO II Rosanna Q. Ubalde, PhD – School Head Marvin Anthony Ramos – School Head
Printed in the Philippines by
Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: (08822)855-
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro@deped.gov
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Table of Contents
What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. ii
How to Learn from this Module....................................................................................
Icons of this Module....................................................................................................
What I Know...............................................................................................................
Lesson 1:
Relative Dating ............................................................................................................................... 1
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 1 What’s New: Activity 1: Find the Word .................................................................. 2 What Is It: Three Principles ........................................................................................ 3 What’s More: Activity 2: Match the Diagram ........................................... 3
What I Have Learned: Activity 3: Summarize Me ................................................. 4 What I Can Do: Activity 4: UNCONFORMITIES 3D MODEL .......................... 5
Lesson 2:
Absolute Dating ............................................................................................................................ 6
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 6 What’s New: Activity 1: VOCABULARY WORDS ............................................... 6 What Is It: Different Techniques................................................................................. 7 What’s More: Activity 2: RELATIVE VS. ABSOLUTE................................ 7 What I Have Learned: Activity 3: SUMMARIZE ME ............................................ 8 What I Can Do: Activity 4: MICROTEACHING ...................................................... 8
Summary......................................................................................................... 9
Assessment: (Post-Test) .................................................................................... 9
Key to Answers........................................................................................................... 11
References................................................................................................................. 12
What This Module is About
Welcome Learners!
In this module, the learners will be able to understand the different methods on how to determine the age of stratified rocks using the relative and absolute dating. But before that we will have first an overview.
To develop history of how geologic events have acted on the Earth through time, we need to understand what geologic processes have occurred through Earth’s history. Geologists establish the age of rocks in two ways: numerical dating or the absolute and relative dating. They learned about what processes occur on Earth through studying the rock record and observing geologic processes in modern environments. To understand more about Relative and Absolute Dating, the learners need to perform activities to further enhance learning.
To understand when these processes have acted during Earth’s geologic time, geologists make observations about the relationships of rocks to one another in the rock record, using a process called Relative Dating. Geologists use this information to construct models on how these relationships developed. For example, if the rock record in the area contains sedimentary rocks that are folded, a model explains those relationships would start with a region where sediments were deposited, pressed and compacted to form the rocks and that folding of the rocks were caused by tectonic pressures. Using the relative dating techniques, we know those events occurred precisely in time. To add specific dates for the events in the model, geologists can use Absolute Dating techniques to date the rocks in determining their age.
This module will help you to explore more in the field of science and technology and to be a 21st century learner.
The following are the lessons contained in this module:
- Relative Dating
- Absolute Dating
i
What I Need to Know
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks.
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
How to Learn from this Module
General Instructions
To achieve the competencies of this module, complete the following:
- Understand and follow the instructions carefully.
- Accomplish the pre-test to identify your preparedness about the lessons in this module.
- Refer your answers to the given answer key.
- Read each lesson and do activities provided for you.
- Demonstrate the activities to guide you in understanding the lessons.
- Take the self-test after each lesson to assess your understanding of the topics.
- Answer the post-test to measure how much you have gained from the topics.
ii
What I Know
Pretest
Multiple Choice Direction: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Use separate sheet of paper for your answer.
What is any evidence of ancient life called? A. half - life B. a fossil C. unconformity D. disconformity
Which of the following conditions makes fossil formation more likely? A. buried slowly B. attacked by scavengers C. made of hard parts D. composed of soft parts
To say “the present is the key to the past “is a way to describe which of the following principles? A. Superposition B. Succession C. Radioactivity D. Uniformitarianism
Which process forms new elements? A. Superposition B. Permineralization C. Uniformitarianism D. Radioactive decay
In one type of radioactive decay, which of the following breaks down, releasing an electron? A. Alpha particle B. proton C. beta particle D. neutron
What is referred to as the age compared with the ages of other rocks? A. Extrusions B. Intrusions C. Absolute Age D. Relative Age
What do you call the number of years since the rock formed? A. Extrusions B. Intrusions C. Absolute Age D. Relative Age
Which of the following principles explains how layers of sedimentary rock extend sideways in the same order? A. Superposition B. Lateral Continuity C. Horizontality D. Unconformity
Which of the following principles explains how sedimentary rocks are normally laid down in order, one on the top of another? A. Superposition B. Lateral Continuity C. Horizontality D. Unconformity
Which of the following principles explains how sedimentary rocks are laid down in flat (horizontal) layers, although these can later tilt and fold? A. Superposition B. Lateral Continuity C. Horizontality D. Unconformity
iv
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What’s New
Activity 1
2
What Is It
There are three principles in determining the age order of a rock. The Principle of Superposition states that sedimentary rocks are normally laid down in order, one on the top of another. That In a sequence, the youngest is at the top. The Principle of Horizontality states that most sedimentary rocks laid down in flat (horizontal) layers, although these can later tilt and fold. The Principle of Lateral Continuity states that layers of sedimentary rock extend sideways in the same order. A later event, like a river cutting, may form a gap, but you can still connect the strata.
A sequence of rock may be a record of past events. Most of the rock sequences are incomplete – layers are missing. These gaps in rock sequences are unconformities. An unconformity is a gap in the rock record caused by erosion or pause in deposition. There are three major kinds of unconformities. Nonconformity, horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks overlie older igneous or metamorphic rocks. When horizontal rock layers are exposed and eroded, and new horizontal layers of rock are deposited on the eroded surface it develops disconformity. An angular unconformity develops when new horizontal layers of rock form on top of older rock layers that are folded by compression.
What’s More
Activity 2 MATCH THE DIAGRAM
Match each diagram with the type of unconformity it shows. Write the letter of the matching diagram in the space provided. Then describe each unconformity and how it is formed.
A B C
_______1. Nonconformity
3
What I Can Do
Activity 4 UNCONFORMITIES 3D MODEL
Objective: Create different unconformities model using recycled materials
Materials Needed.: Recycled materials
Procedure: Create a detailed illustration with correct labels.
Rubric: 3D Model of the Different Unconformities
4 Exemplary
3 Great
2 Good
1 Fair
Total
Content 3D Model Properly Labeled Design
Total
5
What I Need to Know
Absolute dating can be achieved using historical records and through the analysis of biological and geological patterns resulting from annual climatic variations. Since 1950 the physical sciences contributed a number of historical of absolute dating techniques that have a revolutionary effect on archaeology and geology. These techniques are based upon the measurement of radioactive processes. Geologists often need to know the age of the material that they find. They use absolute dating methods, sometimes called numerical dating, to give rocks an actual date, or date range, in number of years.
Before the lesson proper, we will review first and get oriented with the words and terminologies commonly used in relation Absolute Dating – Ages of rocks. How do we do this? Let us Perform Activity1: Vocabulary Words.
What’s New
Activity 1 Vocabulary Words
Find the Definition of the following terms:
Absolute
Radioactive Decay
Radiometric dating
Half - life
Uniformitarianism
6
Lesson Absolute Dating
2
What I Have Learned
Activity 3 Summarize Me
Explain the concept of absolute dating.
Differentiate relative dating from absolute dating.
####### What I Can Do
Activity 4: Microteaching Activity
Objective: Conduct a microteaching on the different methods in determining the age of a rock.
Rubric for Microteaching
Criteria
Content of the lesson (topic) 50%
Confidence 30%
Attire/Physical Appearance 20%
TOTAL
8
Relative dating is employed to arrange geological events, and the rocks they leave behind, during a sequence. The reading is called stratigraphy (layers of rock is called strata). Relative dating doesn't provide actual numerical dates for the rocks.
- Three principles in determining the age order of a rock.
- Principle of Superposition - the sedimentary rocks are normally laid down one on top of another. In a sequence, the youngest is at the top.
- Principle of Horizontality - most sedimentary rocks laid down in flat (horizontal) layers, although these can later tilt and fold.
- Principle of Lateral Continuity - the layers of rock extend sideways within the same order. A later event, like a river cutting, may form a gap, but you can still connect the strata.
Absolute dating can be achieved using historical records and through the analysis of biological and geological patterns resulting from annual climatic variations. It is also known as numerical dating, to offer rocks an actual date, or date range, in number of years. Radiometric Radiocarbon
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice Direction: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
What is referred to as the age compared with the ages of other rocks? A. Extrusions B. Intrusions C. Absolute Age D. Relative Age
What do you call the number of years since the rock formed? A. Extrusions B. Intrusions C. Absolute Age D. Relative Age
Which of the following principles explains how layers of sedimentary rock extend sideways in the same order? A. Superposition B. Lateral Continuity C. Horizontality D. Unconformity
Which of the following principles explain how sedimentary rocks are normally laid down in order, one on the top of another? A. Superposition B. Lateral Continuity C. Horizontality D. Unconformity
9
SUMMARY
Earthand Life Sci 12 Q1 Mod5 Earth Materials and Processes v3
Course: Education
University: Bohol Island State University
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