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A. Commonwealth Government
What is the Commonwealth Government?
The Commonwealth era is the 10-year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935 to
1945 in preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under the Philippine
Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings - McDuffie Law.
The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for the
withdrawal of American sovereignty over the Philippines.
Early on, at the start of the American occupation, the United States had established local
governments with local elected town and provincial officials. Afterward came a gradual expansion
of national legislative representation, beginning with the Philippine Assembly (or Lower House) in
1907.
It was not until the Jones Law of 1916 that the pledge of eventual independence—once
Filipinos were ready for self-governance—was made. The Jones Law led to the creation of an all-
Filipino legislature composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. However, the
position of Chief Executive—the Governor-General—and what was considered the most important
cabinet portfolio—Public Instruction (precursor to the Department of Education)—were reserved
for American officials appointed by the President of the United States. Half of the Philippine
Supreme Court was reserved for Americans as well.
Independence Missions from 1919 onwards were periodically sent to the U. Congress and
the White House to lobby for and negotiate independence. In 1931, the OsRox Mission (which
stands for “Osmeña and Roxas”) successfully lobbied for the enactment of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Act, which was passed over President Herbert Hoover’s veto in 1932. This was, however, rejected
by the Philippine Legislature. In 1934, a new mission (the QuAquAl Mission, made up of Quezon,
Benigno Aquino Sr., and Rafael Alunan) negotiated the Tydings-McDuffie or the Philippine
Independence Act, which set a ten-year transition period to be known as the Commonwealth of the
Philippines, followed by the recognition of the independence of the Philippines by the United
States.
The Tydings-McDuffie Act established the parameters for the preparatory period. Some
powers of supervision were reserved to the United States, as well as foreign diplomacy and
currency. In all other respects, the Philippines became self-governing.
Among the provisions was the election in 1934 of a Constitutional Convention to draft the
constitution of the incoming commonwealth government. Its was presided over by Claro M. Recto
with 202 elected Filipino delegates who decided that the constitution to be written would cover not
only the transitional Commonwealth, but would apply to the Republic as well. The convention
finished its work on February 8, 1935 and submitted it to the President of the United States for
certification that its provisions complied with the Philippine Independence Act. It was certified on
March 25, 1935 and it was subsequently ratified by the Filipino people in a plebiscite on May 14,
1935.
What has the Commonwealth Government done for us?
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided for a presidential
system of government with a unicameral legislature. It had the power to enact laws for the
Philippines, known as Commonwealth Acts, through the National Assembly.
The Commonwealth was meant to lay down the foundations for an independent, fully-
functional state. Its priorities could be seen in the first laws enacted by the new National Assembly:
Commonwealth Act No. 1 established the Philippine Army and a national defense policy;
Commonwealth Act No. 2 established the National Economic Council; Commonwealth Act No. 3
created the Court of Appeals 1935 Constitution was amended in 1940 to permit the reelection
of the president and the vice president, to restore the Senate and thus shift the legislature back to
the bicameral system, and to establish a national electoral authority, the Commission on Elections.
The proposed amendments were ratified in a plebiscite held on June 18, 1940.
What happened after this government existed?
On July 4, 1946, Roxas would again take his oath as President, this time as President of the
newly-inaugurated and independent Republic of the Philippines. The Congress of the
Commonwealth then became the First Congress of the Republic, and international recognition was
finally achieved as governments entered into treaties with the new republic.
Many of today’s institutions in our government trace their origins to the Commonwealth. These
include:
Executive Office (1935)
Court of Appeals (1935)
Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office
Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino (1936)
National Bureau of Investigation (1936)
Department of Budget and Management (1936)
Government Service Insurance System (1936)
Department of National Defense (1939)
Department of Health (1940)
New Bilibid Prisons (1940)
Presidential Communications Operations Office (from the Department of Information and Public
Relations, 1943)
Boy Scouts of the Philippines
Girl Scouts of the Philippines
National Food Authority
National Economic Development Authority (originally National Economic Council, 1936)
Bureau of Immigration and Deportation
ROTC system
Bureau of Aeronautics (1936 ;now the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines)
Philippine Military Academy
Philippine Air Force
Articles of War (AFP)
Comelec
Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Conclusion (or TL;DR)
The Commonwealth era is the 10 year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935 to
1945 in preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under the Philippine
Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings - McDuffie Law and was the
culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for the withdrawal of American sovereignty
over the Philippines.
B. Japan’s Involvement in World War II
In September 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, in
which they agreed to assist one another should any of them be attacked by a country not already
involved in the war. Japan sent troops to occupy French Indochina that same month, and the United
States responded with economic sanctions, including an embargo on oil and steel. A little over a
year later, Hirohito (the emperor of Japan) consented to the decision of his government to battle the
month, where in representatives from Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva Ecija Threshed out various
details regarding their organization, which they agreed to call “Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga
Hapon” or HUKBALAHAP. Taruc was chosen to be the Leader of the group, with Alejandrino as his
right hand man. The members were simply known as Huks!
The Philippine Executive Commission
In accordance the instructions of President Manuel Quezon to Jorge Vargas, the Filipino
officials in Manila were told to enter into agreements and compromises with the Japanese to
mitigate the suffering of the people under the iron-clad rule of the Japanese. On January 23, 1942
the Philippine Executive Commission was established, with Vargas as chairman. The following was
appointed as department heads: Benigno Aquino, Sr., interior; Antonio de las Alas, finance; Jose P.
Laurel, justice; Claro M. Recto, education, health, and public welfare; and Quintin Paredes, public
works and communication; Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
The following month, an election was held for members of The Preparatory Commission for
Philippine Independence (PCPI). The purpose of PCPI is to draw up a constitution for a free
Philippines. Jose Laurel became its head. Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new
Constitution was finalized on July 10, 1943. Two months later it was ratified by the KALIBAPI,
which was the only political party allowed to exist at that time. KALIBAPI is the acronym for
"Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas".
The new constitution, which noticeably lacked a bill of rights contained 12 articles lifted
from the 1935 constitution that fitted the wishes of the Japanese. It was meant to be in effect only
temporarily, while the Philippines still in chaos. After the war, a new constitution would again be
drafted for the new Philippine Republic.
The Second Republic
On September 20 1943, the KALIBAPI- under the leadership of its director general,
Benigno Aquino Sr. held a party convention to elect 54 members of the National Assembly. The
Assembly was actually made up of 108 members; but half of this number was composed of
incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president of the second republic
(the first republic was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon
Avancena as a vice-president. The new republic was inaugurated on October 14 1943 on the front
steps of the legislative building in Manila. The Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem
was played. Meanwhile, the Japanese started using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence of
Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. They hung giant posters and distribute their materials
that contains such slogans as "the Philippines belong to the Filipinos." they also used newspapers,
movies, and others to publicize the same idea. Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of the main
objectives of the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos.
Gen Douglas MacArthur Returns
From Australia, allied forces slowly advanced toward the Philippines, bombing several
Japanese strongholds until they regained control of areas previously occupied by the enemy. The
bombings began on September 21 1944, and barely a month later, on October 20, 1944, the
Americans landed triumphantly in Leyte. Once a shore, General Douglas MacArthur said; "I have
Returned."
Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He had taken over Manuel L. Quezon as
president after the latter past way at Saranac Lake, New York on August 1944. From October 23 to
October 26, 1944 the Americans engaged Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Consider as
the biggest naval battle in World History, this historic encounter almost destroyed the entire
Japanese fleet and rendered in incapable of further attack. The US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf
is said to have signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.
By mid-December, the American soldiers had reached Mindoro. The Japanese, meanwhile,
secured other area where their thought other American units would land. Nevertheless, US liberation
forces successfully docked at Lingayen Gulf on January 9, 1945. The news alarmed the Japanese.
Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander of the Japanese troops in Manila, mobilize his
kamikazes (Japanese suicide pilots); but they failed to stop Americans. The Japanese also deployed
MAKAPILI units to defend Manila but neither succeeds.
On December 8, 1944, President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of
Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of Malaya. The Japanese forces retreated to Yamashita
line a jungle battlefront stretching along the Sierra Madre Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari
Cagayan.
The Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks of intense fighting before
they finally surrendered on February 23. Gen. MacArthur continued to liberate other parts of the
country. And finally proclaim general freedom from the Japanese on July 4, 1945.
Reference: philippine-history/Japanese-Ocuppation-of-the-Philippines/
philippine-history/philippine-commonwealth.htm
officialgazette.gov/the-commonwealth-of-the-philippines/
en.wikipedia/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines
quora/Why-did-Japan-invade-Southeast-Asia
worldview.stratfor/article/japans-territorial-expansion-1931-
encyclopedia.ushmm/content/en/article/world-war-ii-in-the-pacific
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Group 3 Handouts - Handout
Subject: BS Education
237 Documents
Students shared 237 documents in this course
School: Carigara National High School
Was this document helpful?
Group 3 Handouts (Group 4 Presenter)
A. Commonwealth Government
What is the Commonwealth Government?
The Commonwealth era is the 10-year transitional period in Philippine history from 1935 to
1945 in preparation for independence from the United States as provided for under the Philippine
Independence Act or more popularly known as the Tydings - McDuffie Law.
The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for the
withdrawal of American sovereignty over the Philippines.
Early on, at the start of the American occupation, the United States had established local
governments with local elected town and provincial officials. Afterward came a gradual expansion
of national legislative representation, beginning with the Philippine Assembly (or Lower House) in
1907.
It was not until the Jones Law of 1916 that the pledge of eventual independence—once
Filipinos were ready for self-governance—was made. The Jones Law led to the creation of an all-
Filipino legislature composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. However, the
position of Chief Executive—the Governor-General—and what was considered the most important
cabinet portfolio—Public Instruction (precursor to the Department of Education)—were reserved
for American officials appointed by the President of the United States. Half of the Philippine
Supreme Court was reserved for Americans as well.
Independence Missions from 1919 onwards were periodically sent to the U.S. Congress and
the White House to lobby for and negotiate independence. In 1931, the OsRox Mission (which
stands for “Osmeña and Roxas”) successfully lobbied for the enactment of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Act, which was passed over President Herbert Hoover’s veto in 1932. This was, however, rejected
by the Philippine Legislature. In 1934, a new mission (the QuAquAl Mission, made up of Quezon,
Benigno Aquino Sr., and Rafael Alunan) negotiated the Tydings-McDuffie or the Philippine
Independence Act, which set a ten-year transition period to be known as the Commonwealth of the
Philippines, followed by the recognition of the independence of the Philippines by the United
States.
The Tydings-McDuffie Act established the parameters for the preparatory period. Some
powers of supervision were reserved to the United States, as well as foreign diplomacy and
currency. In all other respects, the Philippines became self-governing.
Among the provisions was the election in 1934 of a Constitutional Convention to draft the
constitution of the incoming commonwealth government. Its was presided over by Claro M. Recto
with 202 elected Filipino delegates who decided that the constitution to be written would cover not
only the transitional Commonwealth, but would apply to the Republic as well. The convention
finished its work on February 8, 1935 and submitted it to the President of the United States for
certification that its provisions complied with the Philippine Independence Act. It was certified on
March 25, 1935 and it was subsequently ratified by the Filipino people in a plebiscite on May 14,
1935.
What has the Commonwealth Government done for us?
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines provided for a presidential
system of government with a unicameral legislature. It had the power to enact laws for the
Philippines, known as Commonwealth Acts, through the National Assembly.
The Commonwealth was meant to lay down the foundations for an independent, fully-
functional state. Its priorities could be seen in the first laws enacted by the new National Assembly:
Commonwealth Act No. 1 established the Philippine Army and a national defense policy;
Commonwealth Act No. 2 established the National Economic Council; Commonwealth Act No. 3
created the Court of Appeals.The 1935 Constitution was amended in 1940 to permit the reelection
of the president and the vice president, to restore the Senate and thus shift the legislature back to
the bicameral system, and to establish a national electoral authority, the Commission on Elections.
The proposed amendments were ratified in a plebiscite held on June 18, 1940.
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Carigara National High School
237 Documents
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