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BS Secondary Education (DRRR 01)
Cotabato State University
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SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY
& SOCIETY
Department of Environmental Science
College of Science
Tarlac State University
Instructional Modules
(Midterm Coverage)
Course Science, Technology, and Society
#######
Developers This instructional material has been developed by:
The Faculty of the Department of Environmental Science College of Science, Tarlac State University Lucinda Campus
Engr. Bertrand Aldous L. Santillan Department Chairperson balsantillan@tsu.edu
Dr. Rita E. Pulmano repulmano@tsu.edu
Dr. Alma M. Corpuz amcorpuz@tsu.edu
Prof. Victor M. Serrano vmserrano@tsu.edu
Mr. Wesley C. Gagarin wsgagarin@tsu.edu
Ms. Geraldine R. Gamoso grgamoso@tsu.edu
Should you wish to contact the department, please call during work hours: 606-8178 loc. 178 Tuesday to Friday 7:30 AM 3 5:30 PM
Purpose and Disclaimer
This instructional material has been developed for the purpose of higher learning of Science, Technology, and Society ( Agham, Teknolohiya, at Lipunan ), one of the eight (8) core courses in the General Education of the Higher Education Curriculum stipulated in the Commission of Higher Education (CHED) Memorandum Order No. 20, s. 2013.
All the contents of this material are for educational purposes only. Authors/owners of articles, notes, and/or images included in this material with or without their permission are properly cited in honor of intellectual property and copy rights. Parts which are originally written or made by the department faculty should be properly cited in case they will appear in other materials.
This instructional material is intended for Tarlac State University students.
Table of Contents
Page No.
Parts of the Module 4
Middle Term
General Concepts and STS Historical Development
Week 1 Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology
5
Week 2 Intellectual revolutions that defined society 14
Week 3 Science and technology and nation-building (Part I) 21
Week 4 Science and technology and nation-building (Part II) 28
STS and the Human Condition
Week 5 The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology (Part I) 37
Week 6 The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology (Part II) 42
Week 7 The Good Life 46
Week 8 When technology and humanity cross 51
Week 9 Mid-term Examination 58
Final Term
Week 10 Why the future does not need us (Part I)
Week 11 Why the future does not need us (Part II)
Specific Issues in STS
Week 12 The Information Age
Week 13 Biodiversity and the healthy society (Part I)
Week 14 Biodiversity and the healthy society (Part II)
Week 15 The nanoworld Gene therapy
Week 16 Climate Change
Week 17 Energy Crisis Environmental Awareness
Week 18 Final Examination
PARTS OF THE MODULE
This collection of STS modules is divided into 16 topics to be taken on a weekly basis suggestively. Each module is composed of 12 parts described below. Read each part understandably and note carefully of any instruction. As a student, you are expected to follow instructions as they will become part of the faculty9s assessment of your learning in this subject.
Week This part shows the number order that the topic should be taken from the start of classes. There are 18 class weeks in a regular semester, 16 of which are devoted to the study of the topics and the remaining two (2) are devoted to summative assessments. Our university administers only two summative assessments per semester: midterm examination and final examination. Dividing the semester equally into these two assessments will give nine (9) weeks of classes before each examination is administered.
Title This is the name of the topic to be discussed, a phrase that summarizes the lesson in the topic.
Topic Letter This is an alphabet letter that indicates the order of the topic from the outline of topics prepared by the faculty in this subject. Beside this letter is the title, in parenthesis, of the chapter or division on which the topic belongs. This is included so that you can keep track of the topic organization in this subject.
Duration This indicates the optimum number of hours within the specified week that you are prescribed to devote in studying the topic.
Overview This part is a short paragraph that serves as a 8mini warm-up9 upon engaging in the topic. It states the expectations, what that part of the module contains. It serves like an abstract in a study.
Objectives This part contains a short list of important goals that you should aim to achieve in accomplishing the activities prepared by the faculty for the topic. Take note that these goals serve as basis in the assessment of your learning in the topic.
Activity This contains the things that you should do, mentally and/or physically, to learn about the topic. The activity has been carefully selected and prepared for you to appreciate the topic, but not compromise the quality of your learning.
Discussion This is generally the bulk of the module. It contains the concepts, insights, and reflections of the faculty on the topic. This is the part where transfer of knowledge happens between the faculty and the student (you). It is advised that you carefully read and take the discussion into heart. In case you need further discussion, you can contact the faculty by texting the phone number that will be provided for you.
Synthesis It is comprised of short paragraphs that summarize the discussion. It includes the final word, or key 8takeaway9 messages, regarding the topic lesson.
Evaluation This part assesses your learning with respect to the objectives of the lesson. Coordinate with your assigned faculty on how you will submit your answers.
Enrichment This is an extended activity for your further learning and appreciation of the topic.
References It contains the list of articles, books, and various communication media from where the lessons were derived.
mid-17th century Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke independently develop microscopes
Microscopes 1643 Galileo's pupil Evangelista Torricelli builds the first mercury barometer for measuring air pressure
Barometers 1687 Isaac Newton formulates his three laws of motion Motion 18 th century 1701 English farmer Jethro Tull begins the mechanization of agriculture by inventing the horse-drawn seed drill
Tractors 1703 Gottfried Leibniz pioneers the binary number system now used in virtually all computers
Computers 1769 Wolfgang von Kempelen develops a mechanical speaking machine: the world's first speech synthesizer
Speech synthesizers 1770s Abraham Darby III builds a pioneering iron bridge at a place now called Ironbridge in England
Bridges ~1780 Josiah Wedgwood (or Thomas Massey) invents the pyrometer
Pyrometers 19 th century 1800 Italian Alessandro Volta makes the first battery (known as a Voltaic pile)
Batteries 1801 Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents the automated cloth- weaving loom. The punched cards it uses to store patterns help to inspire programmable computers
Programmable computers 1803 Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier develop the papermaking machine
Paper 1806 Humphry Davy develops electrolysis into an important chemical technique and uses it to identify a number of new elements
Electrolyzers
1827 Joseph Niepce makes the first modern photograph Photography. Digital cameras 1830s William Sturgeon develops the first practical electric motor Electric motors 1830s William Henry Fox Talbot develops a way of making and printing photographs using reverse images called negatives
Digital cameras. Photography 1839 Charles Goodyear finally perfects a durable form of rubber (vulcanized rubber) after many years of unsuccessful experimenting
Rubber
1840s Scottish physicist James Prescott Joule outlines the theory of the conservation of energy
Energy; Great physics experiments 1840s Scotsman Alexander Bain invents a primitive fax machine based on chemical technology
Fax machines 1849 James Francis invents a water turbine now used in many of the world's hydropower plants
Turbines; Water 1850s Henry Bessemer pioneers a new method of making steel in large quantities
Iron and steel 1850s Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization: a way of preserving food by heating it to kill off bacteria
Pasteurization 1860s Frenchman .. Lenoir and German Nikolaus Otto pioneer the internal combustion engine
Car engines 1860s James Clerk Maxwell figures out that radio waves must exist and sets out basic laws of electromagnetism
Radio 1860s Fire extinguishers are invented Fire extinguisher 1861 Elisha Graves Otis invents the elevator with built-in safety brake
Elevators 1867 Joseph Monier invents reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete 1868 Christopher Latham Sholes invents the modern typewriter and QWERTY keyboard
Typewriters 1876 Alexander Graham Bell patents the telephone, though the true ownership of the invention remains controversial even today
Telephones
1870s Thomas Edison develops the phonograph, the first practical method of recording and playing back sound on metal foil
CD players; MP3 players 1877 Thomas Edison invents his sound-recording machine or phonograph 4 a forerunner of the record player and CD player
Record players; Sound 1877 Edward Very invents the flare gun (Very pistol) for sending distress flares at sea
Flares 1880 Thomas Edison patents the modern incandescent electric lamp
Incandescent lamps 1880s Thomas Edison opens the world's first power plants Power plants 1880s Charles Chamberland invents the autoclave (steam sterilizing machine)
Autoclaves 1880s Carrie Everson invents new ways of mining silver, gold, and copper
Copper 1883 George Eastman invents plastic photographic film Digital cameras; Plastics 1884 Charles Parsons develops the steam turbine Steam turbines 1885 Karl Benz builds a gasoline-engined car Car engines 1888 Friedrich Reinitzer discovers liquid crystals LCD screens and displays 1888 John Boyd Dunlop patents air-filled (pneumatic) tires Pneumatics
1888 Nikola Tesla patents the alternating current (AC) electric induction motor and, in opposition to Thomas Edison, becomes a staunch advocate of AC power
Electric motors; Induction motors; Power plants 1899 Everett F. Morse invents the optical pyrometer for measuring temperatures at a safe distance
Pyrometers
1890s French brothers Joseph and Louis Lumiere invent movie projectors and open the first movie theater
Projection TV
1890s German engineer Rudolf Diesel develops his diesel engine 4 a more efficient internal combustion engine without a sparking plug
Diesel engines
1894 Physicist Sir Oliver Lodge sends the first ever message by radio wave in Oxford, England
Radio 1895 German physicist Wilhelm Rˆntgen discovers X rays X rays 1898 Nikola Tesla invents remote, radio control Remote control 20 th century 1901 The first electric vacuum cleaner is developed Vacuum cleaners 1903 Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright build the first engine- powered airplane
Airplanes; Jet engines 1905 Albert Einstein explains the photoelectric effect Photoelectric cells 1906 Willis Carrier pioneers the air conditioner Air conditioners 1906 Mikhail Tswett discovers chromatography Chromatography 1907 Leo Baekeland develops Bakelite, the first popular synthetic plastic
Plastics 1907 Alva Fisher invents the electric clothes washer Washing machine 1906 Frederick Gardner Cottrell develops the electrostatic smoke precipitator (smokestack pollution scrubber)
Electrostatic precipitators 1908 American industrialist and engineer Henry Ford launches the Ford Model T, the world's first truly affordable car
Cars 1909 German chemists Fritz Haber and Zygmunt Klemensiewicz develop the glass electrode, enabling very precise measurements of acidity
pH meters
1912 American chemist Gilbert Lewis describes the basic chemistry that leads to practical, lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (though they don't appear in a practical, commercial form until the 1990s)
Lithium-ion batteries
1912 Hans Geiger develops the Geiger counter, a detector for radioactivity
Geiger counters 1916 Robert Hutchings Goddard, an American physicist, publishes influential ideas on building space rockets
Space rockets 1919 Francis Aston pioneers the mass spectrometer and uses it to discover many isotopes
Mass spectrometers
1920s John Logie Baird develops mechanical television Television; LCD TV 1920s Philo T. Farnsworth invents modern electronic television Television; LCD TV 1920s German engineer Gustav Tauschek and American Paul Handel independently develop primitive optical character recognition (OCR) scanning systems
OCR
1920s Albert W. Hull invents the magnetron, a device that can generate microwaves from electricity
Magnetrons; Microwave ovens 1921 Karel Capek and his brother coin the word "robot" in a play about artificial humans
Robots 1921 John Larson develops the polygraph ("lie detector") machine
Forensic science 1928 Thomas Midgley, Jr. invents coolant chemicals for air conditioners and refrigerators
Air conditioners; Refrigerators 1928 The electric refrigerator is invented Refrigerators 1930s Peter Goldmark pioneers color television Television; LCD TV 1930s Laszlo and Georg Biro pioneer the modern ballpoint pen Digital pens 1930s Wallace Carothers develops neoprene (synthetic rubber used in wetsuits) and nylon, the first popular synthetic clothing material
Kevlar; Nomex; Nylon; Wetsuits
1930s Arnold Beckman develops the electronic pH meter pH meters 1938 Chester Carlson invents the principle of photocopying (xerography)
Photocopiers 1938 Roy Plunkett accidentally invents a nonstick plastic coating called Teflon
Gore-Tex; Nonstick pans 1939 Igor Sikorsky builds the first truly practical helicopter Helicopters 1945 Arthur C. Clarke conceives the idea of the communications satellite, a space-based signal "mirror" that can bounce radio waves from one side of Earth to the other
Satellites
1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the transistor, which allows electronic equipment much smaller and leads to the modern computer revolution
Amplifiers; Electronics; Transistors 1949 Bernard Silver and N. Joseph Woodland patent barcodes 4 striped patterns that are initially developed for marking products in grocery stores
Barcodes and barcode scanners
1950s Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow invent the maser (microwave laser). Gordon Gould coins the word "laser" and builds the first optical laser in 1958
Lasers
1950s Percy Spencer accidentally discovers how to cook with microwaves, inadvertently inventing the microwave oven
Microwave ovens 1954 Indian physicist Narinder Kapany pioneers fiber optics Fiber optics
Discussion What is Science?
The dictionary (Merriam-Webster) defines science as a study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation. The word 8science9 came from the Latin word S cientia , meaning 8knowledge A widespread definition of science states that it is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world.
Scale, branches, and hierarchy of Science (Wikipedia, 2015).
What is Technology?
Technology is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to the change and manipulation of the human environment (Encyclopedia Britannica).
Science and technology (S&T) are two independent fields, but they work together in a 8brains and hands9, 8mind and action9, 8knowledge and application9, 8theory and practice partnership.
What is Society?
Society is a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decisions about how to do things, and sharing the work that needs to be done (Cambridge Dictionary). The word 8society9 was derived from the Latin word Socius , meaning 8companionship or friendship9. Sociology is the field that studies society. It formally defines society as a group of people in the same geographical territory, sharing a common culture, social structure, and laws. For example, the people in the Philippines can be collective called the Filipino society.
What then is Science and Technology and Society (STS)?
STS is where the fields of Science, Technology, and Sociology meet. The integration of the three is shown by the following framework:
Three-way interaction of science, technology, and society (Ihueze et al., 2015).
The field of science provide data for innovation in technology, but technological development requires more scientific knowledge. Technology improves the quality of life in the society, but societal progress is highly dependent on technological advancement. Societal needs are accommodated by science, and scientific discoveries help improve the quality of life.
History of STS
It is not known whether science and technology created society, or that society created S&T. But history has it that the three emerged almost indistinctly. The earliest record of the existence of S&T was in ancient Mesopotamia (presently a region shared by Iraq, Kuwait, Turkey, and Syria), which is the same place that the earliest civilization was also recorded, and they both happened between 600 BC to 1400 AD. It was in ancient Greece that science was first recognized as a distinctly separate field from human, artistic philosophy. Science was originally called 8natural9 philosophy by the Greeks, the philosophy that concerns nature. Later, historical records show that the ancient China and India have developed their own S&T which proliferated in the entire Asian continent. In the Middle East, the development of S&T gave the Golden Age of Islam. Worldwide, there came an 8Age of Great Scientific Revolution 9 in 1400 3 1700 AD. This day, we can see that S&T have become so vast, from the study of the smallest matter on Earth up to the gigantic extraterrestrial bodies in the universe. Meanwhile, human societies on Earth continue to expand.
The timeline table in the Activity was originally a long list (10 pages) of scientific discoveries and inventions, but it was trimmed down to 3Ω pages to fit in this module. But take note, if we would have to list down every discovery and invention in the world since the beginning of time up to this modern day, we could have 10,000 pages, or more!
Meanwhile, in the Philippines, there were only a few records of S&T during the pre- colonization period, making it hard to say if our country had flourished its own indigenous S&T during that time. However, the remnant proofs that we still have today, such as the rice terraces in the Mountain Provinces, folkloric medicines, to name a few, suggest that our ancient Filipinos had their own S&T. On the other hand, we have strong historical records that our S&T proliferated through our educational systems (Caoili, 1986), beginning from the Spanish colonization when our country started producing scientist- turned doctors, one of whom is our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal.
References 1. Woodford, Chris. (2008/2019) Technology timeline. Retrieved from explainthatstuff/timeline.html. [Accessed July 17, 2020]
Ihueze, Christopher Chukwutoo & Okpala, Charles & Okafor, Christian & Okonkwo, Ugochukwu. (2015). Harnessing Science, Technology, and Innovations (STI) for Sustainable Industrial and Economic Development. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research. 5. 379-388.
McCllelan, James, and Dorn, Harold (2006). Science and Technology in World History. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Caoili, Olivia. (1986). A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Paper prepared for the University of the Philippines Science Research Foundation in connection with its project on "Analysis of Conditions for National Scientific and Technological Self-Reliance: The Philippine Situation," June 1986.
Wilms, Todd. (2012 Jan 10). [Infographic]: The Evolution of Technology; Its Impact on the Development of Social Businesses. Retrieved from forbes/sites/sap/2012/01/10/infographic-the-evolution-of-technology-its- impact-on-the-development-of-social-businesses/#6d4ad20466f [Accessed August 5, 2020]
Science-technology-amp-society-instructional-modules compress
Course: BS Secondary Education (DRRR 01)
University: Cotabato State University
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